Thyroid ultrasonography reporting: consensus of Italian Thyroid Association (AIT), Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE), Italian Society of Ultrasonography in Medicine and Biology (SIUMB) and Ultrasound Chapter of Italian Society of Medical Radiology (SIRM)

Thyroid ultrasonography (US) is the gold standard for thyroid imaging and its widespread use is due to an optimal spatial resolution for superficial anatomic structures, a low cost and the lack of health risks. Thyroid US is a pivotal tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of autoimmune thyroid diseases, for assessing nodule size and echostructure and defining the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules. The main limitation of US is the poor reproducibility, due to the variable experience of the operators and the different performance and settings of the equipments. Aim of this consensus statement is to standardize the report of thyroid US through the definition of common minimum requirements and a correct terminology. US patterns of autoimmune thyroid diseases are defined. US signs of malignancy in thyroid nodules are classified and scored in each nodule. We also propose a simplified nodule risk stratification, based on the predictive value of each US sign, classified and scored according to the strength of association with malignancy, but also to the estimated reproducibility among different operators

Analisi di fitotossicità e impiego di sansa umida denocciolata in una rotazione farro-cece in regime di agricoltura biologica

Pratiche di agricoltura intensiva hanno condotto alla degradazione della risorsa suolo, vale a dire ne hanno diminuito la qualità. Più precisamente, la degradazione riguarda la riduzione della sostanza organica, della stabilità strutturale e della disponibilità di nutrienti nel suolo, con conseguente decremento della produttività. All’interno di un progetto di ricerca in corso, relativo a produzione e impiego di compost in agricoltura biologica, sono previste analisi di fitotossicità su sansa umida denocciolata (SD) poi impiegata in una rotazione farro-cece. L’obiettivo della ricerca è quello di verificare come l’incorporazione al suolo di matrici organiche (M), anche tal quali, può concorrere a mantenere o incrementare la fertilità del suolo ed a sostenere i livelli produttivi delle colture. Nelle analisi di fitotossicità su SD, effettuate con specie test Lepidium sativum L., sono state saggiate oltre alle consuete concentrazioni dell’estratto (50% e 75%), indicate nelle metodiche ufficiali, anche una diluizione maggiore pari al 25% e SD tal quale (100%) centrifugata e filtrata. In una rotazione biennale cece da granella - farro, effettuata a Foggia (campo sperimentale del CRA-SCA) nell’annata agraria 2007-2008, sono stati posti a confronto per ciascuna coltura i seguenti trattamenti: SD tal quale; fertilizzante organo-minerale (OM) ammesso in biologico; controllo non fertilizzato (C). I risultati dei saggi di fitotossicità indicano che la M in esame è risultata fitotossica essendo stato riscontrato un indice di germinazione (Ig) del 44,4%. Dall’esame degli indici calcolati per ciascuna diluizione, inoltre, si è evidenziato come al diminuire della stessa (25%>50%>75%>100%) aumenta l’inibizione all’emergenza e alla crescita radicale (Ig: 66,2%>55,2%>46,9%>9,2%), fino al valore minimo di Ig riscontrato per SD tal quale. Infine, è emerso che la tossicità si esercita a livello di percorsi metabolici diversi, con una netta prevalenza degli effetti sulla lunghezza radicale piuttosto che sul numero di semi germinati. I risultati ottenuti nella prova agronomica hanno evidenziato per il cece una maggiore produzione di granella con OM (2,5 t ha-1) rispetto al trattamento SD (2,1 t ha-1), mentre i valori rilevati per i residui sono paragonabili tra le tre tesi. Le produzioni di granella ottenute per il farro risultano confrontabili, mentre la produzione di paglia è stata maggiore con OM (3,4 e 2,9 t ha-1 rispettivamente per OM e per SD). Da questa attività di ricerca è emerso che SD è una matrice particolare relativamente agli effetti sulle colture, che dovrebbe essere stabilizzata e maturare grazie ad attività di biodegradazione (e quindi compostata in miscela con altre matrici) per poter influenzare positivamente la fertilità del suolo e la produttività delle colture

The antidepressant fluoxetine acts on energy balance and leptin sensitivity via BDNF

Leptin and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) pathways are critical players in body weight homeostasis. Noninvasive treatments like environmental stimulation are able to increase response to leptin and induce BDNF expression in the brain. Emerging evidences point to the antidepressant selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor Fluoxetine (FLX) as a drug with effects similar to environmental stimulation. FLX is known to impact on body weight, with mechanisms yet to be elucidated. We herein asked whether FLX affects energy balance, the leptin system and BDNF function. Adult lean male mice chronically treated with FLX showed reduced weight gain, higher energy expenditure, increased sensitivity to acute leptin, increased hypothalamic BDNF expression, associated to changes in white adipose tissue expression typical of "brownization". In the Ntrk2tm1Ddg/J model, carrying a mutation in the BDNF receptor Tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), these effects are partially or totally reversed. Wild type obese mice treated with FLX showed reduced weight gain, increased energy output, and differently from untreated obese mice, a preserved acute response to leptin in terms of activation of the intracellular leptin transducer STAT3. In conclusion, FLX impacts on energy balance and induces leptin sensitivity and an intact TrkB function is required for these effects to take place

Impact of Baseline Retinal Nonperfusion and Macular Retinal Capillary Nonperfusion on Outcomes in the COPERNICUS and GALILEO Studies

To evaluate the impact of baseline retinal capillary nonperfusion (RNP) and macular retinal capillary nonperfusion (MNP) status on outcomes at week 24 (W24)

Correlation between hormonal homeostasis and morphogenic responses in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings growing in a Cd/Cu/Zn multi-pollution context

To date, almost no information is available in roots and shoots of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana about the hierarchic relationship between metal accumulation, phytohormone levels, and glutathione/phytochelatin content, and how this relation affects root development. For this purpose, specific concentrations of cadmium, copper and zinc, alone or in triple combination, were supplied for 12 days to in vitro growing seedlings. The accumulation of these metals was measured in roots and shoots, and a significant competition in metal uptake was observed. Microscopic analyses revealed that root morphology was affected by metal exposure, and that the levels of trans-zeatin riboside, dihydrozeatin riboside, indole-3-acetic acid, and the auxin/cytokinin ratio varied accordingly. By contrast, under metal treatments, minor modifications in gibberellic acid and abscisic acid levels occurred. RT-PCR analysis of some genes involved in auxin and cytokinin synthesis (e.g., AtNIT in roots and AtIPT in shoots) showed on average a metal up-regulated transcription. The production of thiol-peptides was induced by all the metals, alone or in combination, and the expression of the genes involved in thiol-peptide synthesis (AtGSH1, AtGSH2, AtPCS1 and AtPCS2) was not stimulated by the metals, suggesting a full post-transcriptional control. Results show that the Cd/Cu/Zn-induced changes in root morphology are caused by a hormonal unbalance, mainly governed by the auxin/cytokinin ratio

The Molecular Signature More Than the Site of Localization Defines the Origin of the Malignancy

The diagnosis of the primary origin of metastases to the thyroid gland is not easy, in particular in case of concomitant lung adenocarcinoma which shares several immunophenotypical features. Although rare, these tumors should be completely characterized in order to set up specific therapies. This is the case of a 64-years-old woman referred to our institution for a very advanced neoplastic disease diagnosed both as poorly differentiated/anaplastic thyroid cancer (PDTC/ATC) for the huge involvement of the neck and concomitant lung adenocarcinoma (LA). Neither the clinical features and the imaging evaluation nor the tumor markers allowed a well-defined diagnosis. Moreover, the histologic features of the thyroid and lung biopsies confirmed the synchronous occurrence of two different tumors. The molecular analysis showed a c.34G>T (p.G12C) mutation in the codon 12 of K-RAS gene, in both tissues. Since, this mutation is highly prevalent in LA and virtually absent in PDTC/ATC the lung origin of the malignancy was assumed, and the patient was addressed to the correct therapeutic strategy

Soft Image Segmentation: On the Clustering of Irregular, Weighted, Multivariate Marked Networks

The contribution exposes and illustrates a general, flexible formalism, together with an associated iterative procedure, aimed at determining soft memberships of marked nodes in a weighted network. Gathering together spatial entities which are both spatially close and similar regarding their features is an issue relevant in image segmentation, spatial clustering, and data analysis in general. Unoriented weighted networks are specified by an ``exchange matrix", determining the probability to select a pair of neighbors. We present a family of membership-dependent free energies, whose local minimization specifies soft clusterings. The free energy additively combines a mutual information, as well as various energy terms, concave or convex in the memberships: within-group inertia, generalized cuts (extending weighted Ncut and modularity), and membership discontinuities (generalizing Dirichlet forms). The framework is closely related to discrete Markov models, random walks, label propagation and spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I), and can express the Mumford-Shah approach. Four small datasets illustrate the theory

Enalapril reduces proliferation and hyaluronic acid release in orbital fibroblasts

BACKGROUND: Orbital fibroblast proliferation and hyaluronic acid (HA) release are responsible for some of the clinical features of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Thus, inhibition of these processes may be a possible therapeutic approach to this syndrome. Enalapril, a widely used antihypertensive drug, was found to have some inhibitory actions on fibroblast proliferation in cheloid scars in vivo, based on which we investigated its effects in primary cultures of orbital fibroblasts from GO patients and control subjects. METHODS: Primary cultures of GO and control fibroblasts were treated with enalapril or with a control compound (lisinopril). Cell proliferation assays, lactate dehydrogenase release assays (as a measure of cell necrosis), apoptosis assays, and measurement of HA in the cell media were performed. RESULTS: Enalapril significantly reduced cell proliferation in both GO and control fibroblasts. Because enalapril did not affect cell necrosis and apoptosis, we concluded that its effects on proliferation reflected an inhibition of cell growth and/or a delay in cell cycle. Enalapril significantly reduced HA concentrations in the media from both GO and control fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS: Enalapril has antiproliferative and HA suppressing actions in both GO and control fibroblasts. Clinical studies are needed to investigate whether enalapril has any effects in vivo in patients with GO

ESTRUTURA GENÉTICA EM POPULAÇÕES DE CECROPIA CINEREA E ESENBECKIA LEIOCARPA PLANTADAS SEGUNDO A SUCESSÃO SECUNDÁRIA

Foi estudada a estrutura genética de populações de espécies arbóreas nativas, através da instalação de ' ensaios de progênies. Utilizando-se o conceito de sucessão secundária, o teste de progênies envolvendo a espécie pioneira (Cecropia cinerea) foi instalado a pleno sol, enquanto que a espécie clímax (Esenbeckia /eiocarpa) foi instalada de forma sombreada, procurando- se atender as exigências de cada espécie, principalmente com relação à quantidade e qualidade de luz. Os resultados indicam haver maior variação entre progênies para a espécie cIímax do que para a espécie pioneira. A relação s2d/s2g sugere haver maior alogamia na C. cinerea do que na E./eiocarpa. Nesta última encontrouse evidências de que existe pouco fluxo gênico entre as colônias da população estudada