Efikasnost prirodnog sepiolita u smanjenju prelaska i deponovanja 137Cs u meso i jestive organe brojlerskih pilića

The objectives of the present study were to examine the level of radiocesium deposit in meat and edible organs of broiler chickens as well as to investigate efficiency of natural sepiolite in reducing 137Cs deposition in meat, liver and gizzard of alimentary contaminated broiler chickens. Broiler chickens (six weeks of age) were fed with the standard diet and each broiler was given a single oral dose of 137Cs, total activity of 3750 Bq. The broilers were divided into two groups (10 broilers per group). The group 1 was control (received only radiocesium). The broilers of the group 2, in addition to radiocesium received natural sepiolite solution (2 g sepiolite per bird). After 24 hours, all broilers, from each group, were stunned and killed. The samples of meat, (breast and legs), liver and gizzard were taken from each broiler, for gamma spectrometry determination of radiocesium activity. After 24 hours of contamination, 56 % of introduced 137Cs radioactivity was deposited in the meat (breast and legs muscles), 1 % in the liver and 2,4 % in the gizzard of broiler chickens 42 days of age. Natural sepiolite demonstrated insufficient protective action. Compared to the control group, percentage reduction (decreasing percentage) of 137Cs deposition in meat was 16%, in liver 5% and in gizzard 12%.Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita stepen deponovanja radiocezijuma u mesu i jestivim organima brojlerskih pilića, kao i da se ispita efikasnost prirodnog sepiolita u smanjenju deponovanja 137Cs u mesu, jetri i bubcu, alimentarno kontaminiranih pilića. U radu su koriščeni brojlerski plići (Hubbard) uzrasta 42 dana, koji su dobili po jednu oralnu dozu 137Cs, ukupne aktivnosti 3750 Bq. Pilići su podeljeni u dve grupe (po 10 jedinki u grupi). Grupa 1 je bila kontrolna (dobijala je samo 137Cs). pilići grupe 2, pored radiocezijuma dobijali su, istovremeno, i rastvor sepiolita (2 g sepiolita po piletu). Posle 24 sata, izvršeno je žrtvovanje svih pilića. Uzorci celokupnog mesa (mišići grudi i nogu zajedno), jetre i bubca su uzimani od svakog pileta za gamaspektrometrijsko određivanje nivoa aktivnosti radiocezijuma. Ustanovljeno je da 24 sata posle kontaminacije, u odnosu na unetu aktivnost, u mesu se deponuje 56 % radiocezijuma, u jetri 1 % a u bubcu 2,4 %. Prirodni sepiolit ispoljio je nedovoljnu efikasnost zaštite. U odnosu na kontrolnu grupu, procenat smanjenja deponovanja 137Cs u mesu je bio 16%, u jetri 5% a u bubcu 12%

Radijaciono higijenska kontrola mineralnih dodataka i smeša za ishranu svinja

Radiometric control of products involved in the food chain is an important part of ongoing quality control of products related to food and feed. Content of primordial and anthropogenic radionuclides in some products directly determines their quality and further methods of usage. The most common way of intake of radionuclides in the human body is ingestion (80 %) through contaminated food and water. The foods of animal origin are largely represented in the human diet. Therefore radiation control of animal feeds and animal products will contribute to producing food for human nutrition without or with low risk for health. This paper presents the results obtained by gamma spectrometric analysis of mineral additives and mixtures for pig nutrition, from imported and domestic production. In most samples examined, activity levels of natural and radionuclides made during production were in accordance with the regulations. A certain number of tested mineral supplement samples had increased levels of activity of 238U (640- 2100 Bq/kg), which was not in accordance with applicable regulations.Radiometrijska kontrola proizvoda uključenih u lanac ishrane je važan segment stalne provere kvaliteta proizvoda vezanih za ishranu ljudi i životinja. Sadržaj primordijalnih i antropogenih radionuklida u nekim proizvodima direktno određuje njegov kvalitet i dalji način upotrebe. Najčešći put unošenja radionuklida u ljudski organizam je ingestija (80%), putem kontaminirane hrane i vode. Kako su namirnice životinjskog porekla zastupljene u velikoj količini u ishrani ljudi, kontrola hrane za životinje i proizvoda animalnog porekla omogućila bi ishranu ljudima bez rizika. U radu su prikazani rezultati dobijeni gamaspektrometrijskom analizom mineralnih dodataka, pred smeša i gotovih smeša za ishranu svinja iz uvoza i domaće proizvodnje. U većini ispitivanih uzoraka nivo aktivnosti prirodnih i proizvedenih radionuklida je bio u skladu sa propisima. Jedan broj ispitanih uzoraka mineralnih dodataka iz uvoza i domaće proizvodnje imao je povećan nivo aktivnost 238U (640 - 2100 Bq/kg), što nije u skladu sa važećim propisima

Radioactivity of phosphate mineral products

The phosphate industry is one of the biggest polluters of the environment with uranium. Different products are derived after processing phosphoric ore, such as mineral and phosphate fertilizers and phosphate mineral supplements (dicalcium-and monocalcium phosphate) for animal feeding. Phosphate mineral additives used in animal food may contain a high activity of uranium. Research in this study should provide an answer to the extent in which phosphate mineral products (phosphate fertilizer and phosphate mineral feed additives) contribute to the contamination of soil, plants and animals

Radioaktivnost fosfatnih mineralnih proizvoda

The phosphate industry is one of the biggest polluters of the environment with uranium. Different products are derived after processing phosphoric ore, such as mineral and phosphate fertilizers and phosphate mineral supplements (dicalcium-and monocalcium phosphate) for animal feeding. Phosphate mineral additives used in animal food may contain a high activity of uranium. Research in this study should provide an answer to the extent in which phosphate mineral products (phosphate fertilizer and phosphate mineral feed additives) contribute to the contamination of soil, plants and animals.Fosfatna industrija predstavlja jedan od najvećih zagađivača životne sredine uranijumom. Preradom fosforne rude dobija se veliki broj različitih proizvoda, od kojih su posebno značajni fosfatna mineralna đubriva i fosfatni mineralni dodaci (di- i monokalcijum fosfat). Fosfatni mineralni dodaci koji se koriste u smešama za ishranu životinja mogu sadržati visoke aktivnosti uranijuma. Istraživanja u ovom radu treba da pruže odgovor u kojoj meri fosfatni mineralni proizvodi (fosfatna đubriva i fosfatni mineralni dodaci stočnoj hrani) doprinose kontaminaciji zemljišta, biljaka i životinja

Uticaj veličine čestica mermera u hrani nosilja i vremena ovipozicije na kvalitet ljuske jaja

Eggshell quality was studied in three groups of Issa Brown hens, from 73 to 78 weeks of age. Group 1 (control) received a basal diet with 3,8 % Ca and 0,35 % available P, in which pulverized limestone (particle size 0,02 mm) was the main source of Ca. The other two groups of hens were fed diets of the same composition but differing in the supplemented limestone particle size. In group 2 and 3 60 % of the pulverized limestone was substituted with a granular form, of particle size 1,10-1,40 mm. and 1,42-2,80 mm respectively. Eggs for examination were collected at three periods of time: 7-9 hours, 11-13 hours and 15-17 hours. There were significant effects of particle size and oviposition time on eggshell quality. Egg mass and shell deformation decreased, while shell breaking force, shell thickness and shell mass increased with increasing oviposition time. At the afternoon period of laying, significantly higher (p (lt) 0,05) breaking force (5,0 kg) and lower shell deformation (21,9μ) were obtained in eggs of hens fed on the diet incorporating the granular form of limestone (particle size 1,10-1,40 mm) than eggs of hens fed only pulverized limestone. It was shown that there are possibilities for improving eggshell quality, in older hens, by a combination of pulverized and granular limestone in the diet, as a source of calcium.Ispitivanje je obavljeno na 90 nosilja Issa Brown, u uzrastu od 73-78 nedelja, podeljenih u tri grupe. Sve grupe su za ishranu dobijale smeše istog sastava, u kojima je glavni izvor kalcijuma bio mleveni mermer. Razlike između grupa su bile u veličini čestica mermera dodatog u hranu. Grupa 1, (kontrola), je dobijala smešu sa praškasto mlevenim mermerom (kreda), veličine čestica 0,02 mm. U smeši za grupu 2 oko 60 % mermera je bilo sa krupnijim česticama (1,10-1,40 mm), a 40 % u obliku krede. U smeši za grupu 3 oko 60 % mermera je bilo sa još krupnijim česticama (1,42-2,80 mm), a 40 % u obliku krede. Za ispitivanje kvaliteta ljuske jaja su sakupljana svakodnevno u tri vremenska intervala (vreme ovipozicije): 7-9 sati, 11-13 sati i 15-17 sati. Ustanovljeno je da sa vremenom ovipozicije opada masa jaja i deformacija ljuske, dok se vrednosti sile loma, debljine i mase ljuske povećavaju. Veličina čestica mermera dodatog u hranu, ispoljila je značajan uticaj na kvalitet ljuske jaja, izražen kroz deformaciju i silu loma. Jaja nosilja iz 2. i 3. grupe (krupnije čestice mermera), snesena popodne, imala su značajno (p (lt) 0,05) manje vrednosti deformacije (21,9 μ; 19,9 μ) i veće vrednosti sile loma ljuske (5,0 kg; 4,6 kg) u odnosu na jaja nosilja iz 1. grupe. U toku prepodnevnog perioda nošenja, jaja nosilja 1. i2. grupe su ispoljila veću silu loma u odnosu na jaja nosilja 3. grupe. Generalno, može se zaključiti da je 2. grupa nosilja (veličina čestica mermera 1,10-1,40 mm) pokazala najbolje rezultate i da je moguće poboljšati čvrstoću ljuske jaja, kod starijih nosilja, dodatkom u hranu izvesne količine mermera krupnijih čestica

Poboljšanje kvaliteta ljuske jaja zamenom sitno mlevenog krečnjaka sa mermerom krupnijih čestica u obrocima za nosilje

Eggshell quality was studied in a total of 108 Hissex hens from 58 to 62 weeks of age. All hens received a basal diet of the same composition. The differences between the three equal groups were in the replacement percent of fine pulverised limestone by granular limestone, of larger particle size. The first group (control) received the basal diet with only pulverised limestone as a calcium supplement. In the diet of the second group, 60 % of the pulverised limestone was replaced with granular limestone and in the third group percent 80 %. Significantly higher breaking force (3.6 kg) shell mass (8.2 g), shell thickness (36 x 0.01 mm) and lower deformation (20.4 m) were found for eggs from the third group of hens than for eggs from the first group (3.4 kg; 8.0 g; 35 x 0.01 mm; 21.4 m; respectively). Also these eggshell characteristics were more favourable in the second group than in the first group, but the difference was significant (p (lt) 0.05) only for breaking force (3.5 kg versus 3.4 kg). The results obtained in our investigation showed some possibilities of eggshell quality improvement using limestone of larger particle size as a Ca supplemente in the hen diet. Replacing 60-80 % of pulverised limestone by larger particle size limestone had positive effects on eggshell quality.Ispitivanja su obavljena na 108 Hissex nosilja u uzrastu od 58 do 62 nedelje, podeljenih u tri grupe. Sve grupe su za ishranu dobijale smeše istog sastava a razlike su bile samo u procentu zamene krede, u obroku, sa mermerom krupnijih čestica. Grupa 1. (kontrola) je dobijala smešu u koji je osnovni izvor kalcijuma bila stočna kreda. U obroku grupe 2, 60% krede je bilo zamenjeno sa mermerom krupnijih čestica, dok je u obroku grupe 3 taj procenat zamene iznosio 80 %. Jaja su sakupljana po nedeljnim intervalima u cilju određivanja osobina kvaliteta ljuske. Ustanovljeno je da je najbolje rezultate dala ishrana nosilja grupe 3. Zamena 80 % krede sa mermerom krupnijih čestica, doprinela je statistički značajnom poboljšanju kvaliteta ljuske u odnosu na grupu 1. Na jajima nosilja grupe 3, ustanovljena je sila loma ljuske od 3,6 kg, deformacija ljuske 20,4 µm, masa ljuske od 8,2 g i debljina ljuske od 36 x 0,01 mm. Vrednosti ovih osobina na jajima nosilja gupe 1 su iznosile: 3,4 kg, 21,4 µ, 8,0 g i 35 x 0,01mm. Efekat poboljšanja kvaliteta ljuske jaja ispoljen je i kod nosilja grupe 2, ali je statistička značajnost ustanovljena samo za vrednost sile loma ljuske (3,5 kg)

Morfometrijske i biomehaničke osobine golenjače različitih hibrida brojlera

One hundred male and one hundred female broiler chicks from different strains : Master Gris, Red Bro, Farm Q and Hubbard Classic, were reared in conventional broler house system, during first three weeks After the third week, fattening was continued in an extensive free-range rering system. At the end of experimental period (91 days of age) 10 male and 10 female birds, of each stran, were killed by cervical dislocation and the right tibiotarsal bones were removed and used for morphological and mechanical analysis. The obtained results showed that there were statistically signifficant strain differences. Mass, length, breaking force, cross sectional area of diaphysis, medullary cavity area and cortical area, of tibiotarsal bone of Farm Q hybrid chicks were statistically signifficant lower than that of Hubbard Classic, Master Gris and Red Bro strains in both male and female chicks.Po 100 muških i 100 ženskih pilića hibrida Master Gris, Red Bro, Hubbard Classic i Farm Q, je, tokom prve tri nedelje tova, gajeno u zatvorenim objektima sa standardnim uslovima ishrane, napajanja i ambijenta. Posle treće nedelje, pilići su prebačeni u ekstenzivni sistem gajenja sa ispustima. Tov je trajao 91 dana, kada je izvršeno žrtvovanje životinja. Od po 10 jedinki muškog i ženskog pola, svakog hibrida, uzimana je desna golenjača za morfometrijska i biomehanička ispitivanja. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da između hibrida postoje značajne razlike u osbinama golenjače. Msa, dužina, sila loma i poprečni presci dijafize golenjače, medularne šupljine i površina preseka korteksa, golenjače hibrida Farm Q, bili su statistički značajno manji u odnosu na ostala tri hibrida. Ove razlike su se ispoljile i kod pilića muškog i kod pilića ženskog pola

Uticaj nivoa proteina, pola i uzrasta na karakteristike golenjače kod dva hibrida brojlerskih pilića

Cobb 500 and Hubbard Classic broiler chicks were reared on the floor during seven weeks of fattening. Chicks, of each strain, were divided in two groups (160 chicks in group) and feed with two isocaloric diets differed in protein levels. The contents of crude protein in the diets 1, were 23 % (1-2 weeks of age), 22 % (3. week), 21 % (4 - 6 weeks), 18 % (7. week) and in the diets 2 were 22 % (1 - 2 weeks), 21 % (3. week), 20 % (4 - 6 weeks) and 17 % (7. week of age). At days 35, 42 and 49, 10 male and 10 female chicks were sacrificed from both strain and both group. The right tibiae were removed and prepared for analysis. Bone breaking force were determined by three-point-bending test at the midlength. Geometrical properties were obtained by measuring of outside and inside antero-posterior and lateromedial diameters, at the middiaphyseal transverse section of each tibia. These data were used to calculated of bones cross sectional cortical area and cross sectional medullar area. The obtained results showed that cross sectional cortical area and cross sectional medullar area increased with age and were influenced by strain and sex but not by dietary protein levels. Hubbard Classic chicks had higher cortical and lower medullar area than Cobb 500 chicks. The breaking force and ratio cortical/medullar area were significantly (p (lt) 0.05) greater in male than in female chicks of each strain. The male chicks of both strain, fed the diets 2, during six weeks of fattening, had the largest tibiae breaking force (47.0-50.0 kg) but the differences were not significant. Geometrical and mechanical characteristics of broilers tibiae were notsignificantly influenced by dietary protein levels.U ogledu su korišćeni brojlerski pilići hibrida Cobb 500 i Hubbard Classic gajenih u tovu tokom sedam nedelja. Pilići, oba hibrida su bili podeljeni u dve grupe (160 pilića po grupi) i hranjeni sa dve smeše istog sastava, koje su se razlikovale u nivou sirovih proteina. Sadržaj sirovih proteina u smešama 1, je iznosio 23 % (u uzrastu 1.2 nedelje), 22 % (3. nedelje), 21 % (4-6 nedelje), 18 % (7. nedelje). Sadržaj sirovih proteina u smešama 2 je iznossio 22 % (1-2 nedelje), 21 % (3. nedelje), 20 % (4-6 nedelje), 17 % (7. nedelje). Žrtvovanje po 10 jedinki muškog i 10 jedinki ženskog pola je izvršeno u uzrastu od 35, 42 i 49 dana, u okviru svake grupe i hibrida. Desna golenjača je odvajana od trupa I korišćena za anlizu. Sila loma je određivana u testu sa tri tačke oslonca, na sredini dijafize. Geometrijske karakteristike su određivane merenjem spoljašnjih i unutrašnjih prečnika na sredini poprečnog preseka golenjače. Ove vrednosti su korišćene za izračunavanje poprečnog preseka korteksa dijafize golenjače i površine poprečnog preseka medularne šupljine. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali dasu uzrast, pol i nasledna osnova faktori od većeg uticaja na geometrijske i mehaničke osobine golenjače brojlerskih pilića od nivoa sirovih priteina u oborku..Golenjače muških pilića imale su veću površinu poprečnog preseka korteksa i silu loma a manju površinu poprečnog preseka medularne šupljine u odnosu na golenjače ženskih pilića. Pilići hibrida Hubbard Classic, su imali veće vrednosti poprečnog preseka korteksa i sile loma a manje vrednosti poprečnog preseka

Gološijani - autohtona rasa pilića u Srbiji - klanične osobine

Objective of the research was to establish the growth of body mass and slaughter characteristics of the autochthonous chicken breed - naked neck of different varieties (white, black, gray) in our country, reared in extensive system. Fattening lasted 98 days (14 weeks). In the paper, the growth of body mass of chickens at the age of 8, 10, 12 and 14 weeks of fattening are presented, also slaughter yields, conformation measures, shares of major carcass parts and roasting loss. Average body mass varied from 1108.93g (W), 1080.26 g (B) and 1005.00g (G). Slaughter yield 'traditionally dressed carcass' varied from 75.09% (B) to 76.58% (G), yield 'ready to cook' from 67.88 (W) to 68.76 (G) and yield 'ready to grill' from 58.38% (W) to 58.89 (G). Obtained mean values of conformation measures indicated poor carcass built of chickens of both sexes and were result of strong effect of body mass of chickens. Considerable effect of variety and sex on differences between mean values for major carcass parts (breast, thighs, drumsticks, wings) was not established. Further research shall be necessary in order to confirm the hypothesis that naked neck chickens have better meat quality for which the consumers who prefer natural food are prepared to pay higher price.Cilj ispitivanja je bio da se ustanovi porast telesne mase i klanične karakteristike autohtone rase pilića gološijani različitih varijeteta (beli, crni, sivi), u našoj zemlji, gajenih u ekstenzivnom sistemu. Tov je trajao 98 dana (14 nedelja). U radu su prikazani porasti telesnih masa pilića u uzrastu od 8,10, 12 i 14, nedelja tova, klanični randmani, mere konformacije, udeli važnijih delova trupa i kalo pečenja. Prosečna telesna masa pilića kretala se od 1108.93g (W), 1080.26 g (B) i 1005.00g (G). Klanični randman 'klasični ogleda' varirao je od 75.09% (B) do 76.58% (G) i randman 'spreman za pečenje' od 67.88 (W) do 68.76 (G) i randman 'spreman za roštilj' od 58.38% (W) do 58.89 (G). Dobijene srednje vrednost mera konformacije ukazali su na lošu građu trupova pilića oba pola i rezultat su jakog uticaja telesne mase pilića. Značajan uticaj varijeteta i pola na razlike između srednjih vrednosti vrednijih delova trupa (grudi, bataci, karabataci, krila) nije ustanovljen. Neophodna su dalja istraživanja koja će potvrditi hipotezu da pilići gološijani imaju bolji kvalitet mesa za koji su potrošači ljubitelji prirodne hrane spremni da plate višu cenu

Uticaj ishrane nosilja na vrednosti i međusobnu povezanost osobina ljuske jaja

Eggshell quality was studied in three groups of Issa brown hens, of 73 to 78 weeks of age. The group 1 received a basal diet with 3.8 % of Ca and 0.35% of available P, in which pulverised limestone (particle size 0,02 mm) was the main source of Ca. The other two groups of hens were fed the diet of the same composition, but differing in the particle size of supplemented limestone. In the groups 2 and 3, 60% of the pulverised limestone was substituted with a granular form, particle size 1.10-1.40 mm, i.e. 1.42-2.80 mm, respectively. Eggs for examination were collected every day, at three periods of time: 7-9 a.m., 11 a.m. - 1 p.m. and 3-5 p.m. There were significant effects of particle size and oviposition time on eggshell quality. Egg mass and shell deformation decreased, while shell breaking force, thickness and mass increased with the increased oviposition time. At the afternoon period of laying, significantly higher (p (lt) 0.05) breaking force (5.0 kg) and lower shell deformation (21.9 µ) were obtained in eggs of hens fed the diet incorporated with the granular form of limestone (particle size 1.10-1.40 mm) than eggs of hens fed only pulverised limestone. Correlations between shell deformation and breaking force were high and negative. Correlations between these two parameters and shell thickness were medium weak.Kvalitet ljuske jaja je ispitivan kod tri grupe nosilja u periodu između 73 i 78 nedelje uzrasta. Grupe su hranjene smešom istog hemijskog sastava, ali su se razlikovale u veličini čestica izvora kalcijuma. Prva grupa je kao izvor kalcijuma u smeši dobijala sitno mleveni krečnjak - kredu, veličine čestica (lt) 0,02 mm. Kod druge grupe je 60 % krede bilo zamenjeno granuliranim mermerom, veličine čestica između 1,1 i 1,4 mm, dok je kod treće grupe 60 % krede bilo zamenjeno granuliranim mermerom, veličine čestica između 1,42 i 2,80 mm. Jaja za analizu su sakupljana svakodnevno a praćene su sledeće osobine: masa jaja, deformacija, sila loma, masa i debljina ljuske. Ustanovljeno je da jaja snešena popodne, druga grupa nosilja, imaju značajno veću (p (lt) 0,05) silu loma ljuske (5,0 kg) i manju deformaciju (21,9 µ) u odnosu na jaja nosilja ostale dve grupe. Korelacionom analizom je kod svih grupa nosilja, ustanovljeno postojanje srednje jake povezanosti (r = - 0,57 do - 0,63) sa negativnim predznakom između sile loma ljuske i deformacije. Međusobni odnosi ostalih osobina su se kretali u granicama slabe korelacije