1,038 research outputs found
Putting the Horse Before the Cart:A Generator-Evaluator Framework for Question Generation from Text
Automatic question generation (QG) is a useful yet challenging task in NLP.
Recent neural network-based approaches represent the state-of-the-art in this
task. In this work, we attempt to strengthen them significantly by adopting a
holistic and novel generator-evaluator framework that directly optimizes
objectives that reward semantics and structure. The {\it generator} is a
sequence-to-sequence model that incorporates the {\it structure} and {\it
semantics} of the question being generated. The generator predicts an answer in
the passage that the question can pivot on. Employing the copy and coverage
mechanisms, it also acknowledges other contextually important (and possibly
rare) keywords in the passage that the question needs to conform to, while not
redundantly repeating words. The {\it evaluator} model evaluates and assigns a
reward to each predicted question based on its conformity to the {\it
structure} of ground-truth questions. We propose two novel QG-specific reward
functions for text conformity and answer conformity of the generated question.
The evaluator also employs structure-sensitive rewards based on evaluation
measures such as BLEU, GLEU, and ROUGE-L, which are suitable for QG. In
contrast, most of the previous works only optimize the cross-entropy loss,
which can induce inconsistencies between training (objective) and testing
(evaluation) measures. Our evaluation shows that our approach significantly
outperforms state-of-the-art systems on the widely-used SQuAD benchmark as per
both automatic and human evaluation.Comment: 10 pages, The SIGNLL Conference on Computational Natural Language
Learning (CoNLL 2019
KAP Study on Immunization of Children in a City of North India – A 30 Cluster Survey
Background: To determine the knowledge, attitude and practices about immunization among respondents of children aged 12-23 months.\ud
Methods: A total of 510 respondents were interviewed in the urban slums of Lucknow district of India, using 30 cluster sampling technique from January 2005 to April 2005. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to elicit the information about the knowledge, attitude and practices of the respondents regarding immunization. \ud
Results: Knowledge regarding the disease prevented, number of doses and correct age of administration of BCG was highest among all the categories of respondents. The paramedical worker was the main source of information to the respondents of completely (52.0%) and partially immunized (48.5%) children while community leaders for unimmunized children. Those availing private facilities were more completely immunized, as compared to the government facilities. 55.8% of those who took 20 minutes to reach the immunization site were completely immunized as compared to 64.1% of those who took more than 20 minutes.\ud
Conclusion: Considering the incomplete knowledge, and inappropriate practices of the people, the policy makers and medical professionals require Herculean efforts to raise the knowledge and to break the old beliefs of the peopl
ParaQG: A System for Generating Questions and Answers from Paragraphs
Generating syntactically and semantically valid and relevant questions from
paragraphs is useful with many applications. Manual generation is a
labour-intensive task, as it requires the reading, parsing and understanding of
long passages of text. A number of question generation models based on
sequence-to-sequence techniques have recently been proposed. Most of them
generate questions from sentences only, and none of them is publicly available
as an easy-to-use service. In this paper, we demonstrate ParaQG, a Web-based
system for generating questions from sentences and paragraphs. ParaQG
incorporates a number of novel functionalities to make the question generation
process user-friendly. It provides an interactive interface for a user to
select answers with visual insights on generation of questions. It also employs
various faceted views to group similar questions as well as filtering
techniques to eliminate unanswerable questionsComment: EMNLP 201
Learning Low-Rank Latent Spaces with Simple Deterministic Autoencoder: Theoretical and Empirical Insights
The autoencoder is an unsupervised learning paradigm that aims to create a
compact latent representation of data by minimizing the reconstruction loss.
However, it tends to overlook the fact that most data (images) are embedded in
a lower-dimensional space, which is crucial for effective data representation.
To address this limitation, we propose a novel approach called Low-Rank
Autoencoder (LoRAE). In LoRAE, we incorporated a low-rank regularizer to
adaptively reconstruct a low-dimensional latent space while preserving the
basic objective of an autoencoder. This helps embed the data in a
lower-dimensional space while preserving important information. It is a simple
autoencoder extension that learns low-rank latent space. Theoretically, we
establish a tighter error bound for our model. Empirically, our model's
superiority shines through various tasks such as image generation and
downstream classification. Both theoretical and practical outcomes highlight
the importance of acquiring low-dimensional embeddings.Comment: Accepted @ IEEE/CVF WACV 202
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