7 research outputs found

    ConsĂ©quences de la crĂ©ation de l’aire marine rĂ©gionale du PrĂȘcheur (Martinique) sur la pĂȘche martiniquaise

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    The creation of regional marine reserve of PrĂȘcheur will lead to the implementation of fisheries management measures within the perimeter of the reserve. From a short-term perspective, fishers will see limitations of their fishing practices. But, from a longer-term perspective, they should gain substantial benefits from these restrictions; the increase of biomass due to the “reserve effect” should lead to increased volumes of catches in fishing areas. It should also lead to an enhancement of traditional practices such as line fishing, jig or “piscine” fishing, which have been abandoned for several years in spite of their lesser impact on marine ecosystems

    Les touristes sont-ils plus exigeants que les résidents en matiÚre de protection du littoral ? Le cas de la Martinique

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    The article presents the differences in perception between the tourists and residents regarding the protection of the marine and coastal environment. It is based on the results of studies conducted across Martinique in 2010, in the framework of the evaluation of the economic and social value of coral reefs and associated ecosystems, and at the level of the rural community of le PrĂȘcheur in 2011, in the context of the implementation of the regional marine reserve. It highlights the elements that compose the disparities of perception and wishes with respect to coastal areas management measures. It shows, however, that the creation of a marine protected area in the commune of le PrĂȘcheur has the unanimous support of all

    Tourisme et ressources naturelles

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    Ce numĂ©ro de la Revue Études CaribĂ©ennes s’intĂ©resse aux liens qui unissent et opposent l’activitĂ© touristique et les ressources naturelles, particuliĂšrement dans les pays du Sud. Dans un contexte de mĂ©diatisation accrue des enjeux liĂ©s Ă  la biodiversitĂ© et aux menaces qui pĂšsent sur elle, le tourisme – et particuliĂšrement l’écotourisme – est souvent prĂ©sentĂ© comme un moyen de concilier la conservation et le dĂ©veloppement. Les autoritĂ©s locales, malgrĂ© l’existence d’un cadre rĂ©glementaire propre Ă  l’environnement, ne disposent souvent pas de moyens suffisants (humains, matĂ©riels et financiers) pour gĂ©rer la croissance de la frĂ©quentation des aires protĂ©gĂ©es et ses effets potentiels sur l’environnement naturel et humain. En rĂ©ponse Ă  cette problĂ©matique, les institutions financiĂšres internationales et les organismes associĂ©s proposent aux pays du Sud de trouver un Ă©quilibre entre une frĂ©quentation de masse et une frĂ©quentation de bas volume afin de dĂ©velopper « un tourisme de haute qualitĂ© ». MĂȘme si cela Ă©tait possible, quels critĂšres peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s pour « cesser » le dĂ©veloppement d’un pĂŽle ou d’une rĂ©gion touristique ? L’évolution gĂ©ographique « naturelle » du tourisme – c’est-Ă -dire essentiellement basĂ©e sur la mise en tourisme de la nature et sur l’accessibilitĂ© de ces ressources – pose dĂ©jĂ  des problĂšmes politiques et Ă©conomiques importants. Les gouvernements (central, rĂ©gional ou local) sont difficilement en mesure de rĂ©aliser un arbitrage de long terme dans ce contexte qui permettrait l’adĂ©quation entre le dĂ©veloppement touristique et la prĂ©servation des espaces naturels. La relation entre le tourisme et les ressources naturelles s’articule souvent autour de deux objectifs spĂ©cifiques, soient : dĂ©velopper un produit Ă  moindre impact, mais aux dĂ©penses Ă©levĂ©es et viser un volume de visiteurs qui contribue aux profits Ă©conomiques, mais qui amĂšne le moins de dĂ©gradation Ă©cologique/sociale possible. Cette position rĂ©sume Ă  elle seule Ă  la fois la complexitĂ© et les multiples paradoxes dans lesquels s’insĂšre la mise en tourisme de la nature. Les dynamiques sociales et l’extension de l’appropriation privative des espaces naturels et agricoles posent la problĂ©matique des modes de gestion des ressources communes et de leur pĂ©rennitĂ©, particuliĂšrement dans les pays du Sud. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs, les ressources et les stratĂ©gies des principaux acteurs concernĂ©s sont difficilement conciliables et le systĂšme de relation qu’il induit n’est pas nĂ©cessairement en phase avec les finalitĂ©s poursuivies. This edition of Revue Etudes CaribĂ©ennes focuses on the links that unite and oppose tourism and natural resources, specifically in southern countries. In a context of increased media coverage of issues related to biodiversity (including threats to it), tourism – particularly ecotourism – is often presented as a mean to reconcile conservation and development. Local authorities, despite the existence of a specific environmental regulatory framework, often have insufficient resources (human, material, financial) to manage the increase of visits to protected areas, and the potential impact of these visits on natural and human environments. In response to this problem, international financial institutions and associated organizations offer to try to find a balance between mass attendance and low volume attendance in order to develop "high quality tourism" in southern countries. Even if this were possible, what criteria can be used to "stop" the development of a tourist site or region for environmental reasons? The “natural” geographic evolution of tourism – in other words, essentially based on the development of nature tourism and accessibility of these resources – already causes huge political and economic problems. Governments (central, regional or local) are hardly able to arbitrate over the long term in a context that would allow finding a balance between tourism development and preservation of natural areas. The relationship between tourism and natural resources often revolves around two specific objectives: to develop a product with less impact, but at high cost and a target volume of visitors that contributes to economic profits, but that causes the least ecological / social degradation possible. This position epitomizes both the complexity and the many paradoxes of nature tourism development. Social interactions and the expansion of private appropriation of natural and agricultural areas highlight the challenges of managing common resources and their sustainability, especially in the southern countries. In this context, development objectives, natural resources and the strategies of key stakeholders are difficult to reconcile, and the relationship between leading actors do not always correspond with these objectives. Esta ediciĂłn de “Revue Études CaribĂ©ennes” se interesa a los lazos que unen y separan la actividad turĂ­stica y los recursos naturales, particularmente en los paĂ­ses del sur. En un contexto de mediatizaciĂłn en alza sobre los objetivos ligados a la biodiversidad y a las amenazas que pesan sobre ella, el turismo – y particularmente el ecoturismo – estĂĄ a menudo presentado como un medio de conciliar la conservaciĂłn y el desarrollo. Las autoridades locales, pese a la existencia de un cuadro propio de reglamentaciĂłn al medio ambiente, no disponen habitualmente de suficientes medios (humanos, materiales y financieros) para controlar el aumento de visitas en las ĂĄreas protegidas y sus efectos potenciales sobre el ambiente natural y humano. En respuesta a esta problemĂĄtica, las instituciones financieras internacionales y los organismos asociados proponen a los paĂ­ses del sur encontrar un equilibrio entre la frecuentaciĂłn de masas y una frecuentaciĂłn de bajo volumen con el objetivo de desarrollar “un turismo de alta calidad”. Incluso si fuese posible, ÂżquĂ© criterios podrĂ­an ser utilizados para “cesar” el desarrollo de un centro o una regiĂłn turĂ­stica? La evoluciĂłn geogrĂĄfica “natural” del turismo – esencialmente basada en el desarrollo del turismo de la naturaleza y el acceso de sus recursos – crean problemas polĂ­ticos y econĂłmicos enormes. Los gobiernos (central, regional o local) tienen dificultades para realizar un arbitraje a largo plazo en este contexto que permitirĂ­a la adecuaciĂłn entre el desarrollo turĂ­stico y la preservaciĂłn de los espacios naturales. La relaciĂłn entre el turismo y los recursos naturales se articula a menudo alrededor de dos objetivos especĂ­ficos, sean: desarrollar un producto con mĂ­nimo impacto, pero con gastos elevados y aspirar a un volumen de visitantes que contribuya a las ganancias econĂłmicas, pero que traiga la menor degradaciĂłn ecolĂłgica/social posible. Esta posiciĂłn resume la complejidad y las mĂșltiples paradojas en las cuales se encaja la puesta del turismo en la naturaleza. Las dinĂĄmicas sociales y la extensiĂłn de la apropiaciĂłn privativa de los espacios naturales y agrĂ­colas plantean una problemĂĄtica en los modos de gestiĂłn de los recursos comunes y de su perennidad, particularmente en los paĂ­ses del sur. En este contexto, los objetivos, los recursos y las estrategias de los principales actores concernidos son difĂ­cilmente conciliables y el sistema de relaciĂłn que induce no es necesariamente en la misma fase con los objetivos perseguidos

    SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

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    Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population
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