Le rôle du renouveau Sherbrookois lors des élections municipales de 2009 à Sherbrooke

Dans la première partie de ce mémoire, nous y présentons un bref aperçu de l'histoire législative de la ville. Puis nous expliquons les différentes règles qui encadrent les campagnes électorales de la ville de Sherbrooke. Ensuite, nous expliquons la situation qui prévalait en 2009. Une fois le contexte de notre problématique bien situé, nous recensons les écrits concernant la question générale de recherche. Cette section traite des partis politiques en général, puis plus spécifiquement des partis politiques municipaux. Nous continuons ce chapitre en abordant le problème spécifique de recherche qui s'intéresse davantage à l'état de la littérature concernant les capacités mobilisatrices des partis politiques municipaux. Pour terminer, nous y décrivons notre lacune analytique

Implication des transporteurs de zinc dans le transport intestinal et ostéoblastique de cadmium

Le Zinc (Zn) est un métal important pour de nombreux processus physiologiques, notamment dans le métabolisme osseux. Cette étude a pour objectif d'évaluer l'implication possible de transporteurs de zinc (ZIP) dans l'influx de Cd dans la cellule. Le cadmium (Cd), métal cancérigène pour l'homme est suspecté d'emprunter certains ZIP, en particulier ZIP4 responsable de l'absorption intestinale du Zn, par mimétisme ionique. Des études montrent que ZIP8 participe à l'accumulation de Cd dans certains tissus. Parallèlement à la lignée cellulaire intestinale Caco-2, indifférenciés (J7) et différenciés (J21), la lignée ostéoblastique MG63 a été choisie. L'expression d'acide ribonucléique messager (ARNm) de ZIP 1, 4, 8 et hZTL1 a été déterminée par transcription inverse et polymérisation en chaîne (RT-PCR). Dans les cellules Caco-2, l'expression de ZIP8 et de hZTL1 est stable, celle de ZIP4 augmente avec la différenciation tandis que l'expression de ZIP1 diminue avec celle-ci. Les cellules MG63 expriment les ZIP et hZTL1 à des niveaux comparables. La détection par immunofluorescence de ZIP4 à la membrane des cellules Caco-2 confirme les résultats obtenus par RT-PCR. Le transport de 109Cd (0.5 µM) a été mesuré dans plusieurs conditions expérimentales afin de tester une éventuelle compétition entre le Zn, le Cd et le manganèse (Mn). Dans les cellules Caco-2 (J7, J21), les pourcentages d'inhibition (70% du transport saturable) par le Zn et le Mn sont comparables. Dans les cellules MG63, l'accumulation de 109Cd est plus fortement inhibée par le Zn que par le Mn. L'ajout de HCO3- augmente l'inhibition par le Zn et le Mn. Ces résultats suggèrent que ZIP8 et ZIP4 sont impliqués en partie dans l'accumulation de Cd.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : cellules Caco-2, cellules MG63, zinc, ZIP4, ZIP8, cadmiu

Plasmodium vivax Malaria among Military Personnel, French Guiana, 1998–2008

We obtained health surveillance epidemiologic data on malaria among French military personnel deployed to French Guiana during 1998–2008. Incidence of Plasmodium vivax malaria increased and that of P. falciparum remained stable. This new epidemiologic situation has led to modification of malaria treatment for deployed military personnel

Analysis of sequence variability in the CART gene in relation to obesity in a Caucasian population

BACKGROUND: Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) is an anorectic neuropeptide located principally in hypothalamus. CART has been shown to be involved in control of feeding behavior, but a direct relationship with obesity has not been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymorphisms within the CART gene with regards to a possible association with obesity in a Caucasian population. RESULTS: Screening of the entire gene as well as a 3.7 kb region of 5' upstream sequence revealed 31 SNPs and 3 rare variants ; 14 of which were subsequently genotyped in 292 French morbidly obese subjects and 368 controls. Haplotype analysis suggested an association with obesity which was found to be mainly due to SNP-3608T>C (rs7379701) (p = 0.009). Genotyping additional cases and controls also of European Caucasian origin supported further this possible association between the CART SNP -3608T>C T allele and obesity (global p-value = 0.0005). Functional studies also suggested that the SNP -3608T>C could modulate nuclear protein binding. CONCLUSION: CART SNP -3608T>C may possibly contribute to the genetic risk for obesity in the Caucasian population. However confirmation of the importance of the role of the CART gene in energy homeostasis and obesity will require investigation and replication in further populations

The Complex and Important Cellular and Metabolic Functions of Saturated Fatty Acids

This review summarizes recent findings on the metabolism and biological functions of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Some of these findings show that SFA may have important and specific roles in the cells. Elucidated biochemical mechanisms like protein acylation (N-myristoylation, S-palmitoylation) and regulation of gene transcription are presented. In terms of physiology, SFA are involved for instance in lipogenesis, fat deposition, polyunsaturated fatty acids bioavailability and apoptosis. The variety of their functions demonstrates that SFA should no longer be considered as a single group

Pulmonary Endpoints (Lung Carcinomas and Asbestosis) Following Inhalation Exposure to Asbestos

Lung carcinomas and pulmonary fibrosis (asbestosis) occur in asbestos workers. Understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases is complicated because of potential confounding factors, such as smoking, which is not a risk factor in mesothelioma. The modes of action (MOA) of various types of asbestos in the development of lung cancers, asbestosis, and mesotheliomas appear to be different. Moreover, asbestos fibers may act differentially at various stages of these diseases, and have different potencies as compared to other naturally occurring and synthetic fibers. This literature review describes patterns of deposition and retention of various types of asbestos and other fibers after inhalation, methods of translocation within the lung, and dissolution of various fiber types in lung compartments and cells in vitro. Comprehensive dose-response studies at fiber concentrations inhaled by humans as well as bivariate size distributions (lengths and widths), types, and sources of fibers are rarely defined in published studies and are needed. Species-specific responses may occur. Mechanistic studies have some of these limitations, but have suggested that changes in gene expression (either fiber-catalyzed directly or by cell elaboration of oxidants), epigenetic changes, and receptor-mediated or other intracellular signaling cascades may play roles in various stages of the development of lung cancers or asbestosis

Melatonin Membrane Receptors in Peripheral Tissues: Distribution and Functions

Many of melatonin’s actions are mediated through interaction with the G-protein coupled membrane bound melatonin receptors type 1 and type 2 (MT1 and MT2, respectively) or, indirectly with nuclear orphan receptors from the RORα/RZR family. Melatonin also binds to the quinone reductase II enzyme, previously defined the MT3 receptor. Melatonin receptors are widely distributed in the body; herein we summarize their expression and actions in non-neural tissues. Several controversies still exist regarding, for example, whether melatonin binds the RORα/RZR family. Studies of the peripheral distribution of melatonin receptors are important since they are attractive targets for immunomodulation, regulation of endocrine, reproductive and cardiovascular functions, modulation of skin pigmentation, hair growth, cancerogenesis, and aging. Melatonin receptor agonists and antagonists have an exciting future since they could define multiple mechanisms by which melatonin modulates the complexity of such a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes