Development and Evaluation of Paclitaxel-Loaded Liposomal Formulations for Targeted Drug Delivery to Breast Cancer

The objective of this work was to develop and evaluate paclitaxel-loaded liposomal formulations for targeted drug delivery to breast cancer. The liposomal formulation was optimized to maximize drug loading and physical stability. Cholesterol and saturated lipid content showed a negative influence on paclitaxel loading. Short-term stability studies showed that optimum drug-lipid ratio is necessary for adequate physical stability. Biodistribution studies in mouse xenografts bearing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer using near infrared fluorescence imaging showed that the accumulation of tumor vasculature targeted long-circulating liposomes (LCL) in the tumor was significantly less than non-targeted LCL at 48 h. The accumulation of these liposomes in the peritoneal cavity was higher suggesting that they were cleared rapidly by the reticuloendothelial system. The antitumor efficacy of paclitaxel-loaded tumor vasculature targeted LCL was compared with paclitaxel-loaded tumor cell targeted LCL. The antitumor efficacy was comparable for tumor vasculature targeted LCL, non-targeted LCL, and paclitaxel solution formulation with tumor volumes of ~ 60-70% of the control treatment on 39 days post tumor inoculation. In contrast, tumor cell targeted LCL showed a significantly higher antitumor efficacy compared to all other treatments with tumor volumes of ~ 30% of the control treatment. To improve the long-term stability, these liposomes were lyophilized. The leakage and vesicle size increase during lyophilization was minimized by using lyoprotectant sucrose in the formulation. Feasibility of developing gas-filled liposomes for ultrasound mediated drug delivery was evaluated using freeze drying gas entrapment method for the preparation. The in vitro measurements of echogenicity showed that these paclitaxel-loaded tumor vasculature targeted gas-filled liposomes were acoustically active and can be disintegrated by high intensity ultrasound pulses

Shear transfer in high strength concrete

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

FEMINIST ISSUES AND AMERICAN DOMINATION OVER ALICE WALKER’S THE COLOUR PURPLE.-

all things considered, identities, and races. She has depicted how both the African-American people have confronted abuse as far as race, class, and identity. The Color Purple has spoken to the extremely base structure of the general public. Walker not just portrays the persecution and enduring of people of color yet in addition proposes certain answers for these afflictions in the novel. Female characters, for example, Celie, Shug, Nettie and Sofia in The Color Purple are ruled both mentally and physically. Celie, the oppressed, corrupted, loathed, manhandled, is changed into and autonomous and freed lady toward the finish of the novel. She has moved from being revolting to an allegorically delightful swan. She has moved from being the load animal to physical and mental announcements of autonomy, to a get-together with her kids and her sister. This article investigates the significant feministic issues and examines the hero, Celie in the novel The Color Purple