In vitro evaluation of free flavonoids in Cassia fistula Linn. calli of different ages under varying concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs)

Cassia fistula Linn, a paramount medicinal plant consumed by huge population all over the world. Its bioactive metabolites include flavonoids, phenolics, and polyphenols. Major objective of current study is to find right media combination and age of callus for maximum accumulation of free flavonoids in Cassia fistula cultures. In this study, the calli were induced in MS + 1.0mg/L 2,4-D + 0.05 mg/L BAP with 50 mg/L ascorbic acid. These calli were then transferred to basic MS medium with 1.0 mg/L2,4,5-T and varied BAP concentrations. Four and 8 weeks old calli were used to find out the right concentration of BAP and age for upscaling of free flavonoids. The samples were extracted and HPTLC analyzed for free flavonoids at 260 nm along with the leaf explants. The study revealed that the amount and number of free flavonoids in 4 weeks old calli increased as the amount of cytokinin (0.5 to 1.0 mg/L BAP) increased but decline with further addition of BAP (2.0 mg/L BAP). In aged calli number and amount of free flavonoids exhibit a tremendous increase when compared to the calli in the same medium at 4 weeks. This is inferred that accruing age of callus, reduced quantities of plantgrowth regulators (optimized for callus growth) accumulate free flavonoids. The best medium for free flavonoid production is MS+ 1.0 mg/L 2,4,5-T with 1.0 mg/L BAP may be recommended for producing a high amount of free flavonoids in C. fistula in vitro.The results were justified with the results of quantification

In vitro evaluation of free flavonoids in Cassia fistula Linn. calli of different ages under varying concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs)

635-639Cassia fistula Linn, a paramount medicinal plant consumed by huge population all over the world. Its bioactive metabolites include flavonoids, phenolics, and polyphenols. Major objective of current study is to find right media combination and age of callus for maximum accumulation of free flavonoids in Cassia fistula cultures. In this study, the calli were induced in MS + 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.05 mg/L BAP with 50 mg/L ascorbic acid. These calli were then transferred to basic MS medium with 1.0 mg/L 2,4,5-T and varied BAP concentrations. Four and 8 weeks old calli were used to find out the right concentration of BAP and age for upscaling of free flavonoids. The samples were extracted and HPTLC analyzed for free flavonoids at 260 nm along with the leaf explants. The study revealed that the amount and number of free flavonoids in 4 weeks old calli increased as the amount of cytokinin (0.5 to 1.0 mg/L BAP) increased but decline with further addition of BAP (2.0 mg/L BAP). In aged calli number and amount of free flavonoids exhibit a tremendous increase when compared to the calli in the same medium at 4 weeks. This is inferred that accruing age of callus, reduced quantities of plant growth regulators (optimized for callus growth) accumulate free flavonoids. The best medium for free flavonoid production is MS + 1.0 mg/L 2,4,5-T with 1.0 mg/L BAP may be recommended for producing a high amount of free flavonoids in C. fistula in vitro. The results were justified with the results of quantification

Not Available

Not AvailableChromium (Cr) presently used in various major industries and its residues possess a potent environmental threat. Contamination of soil and water resources due to Cr ions and its toxicity has adversely affected plant growth and crop productivity. Here, deleterious effects of different levels of Cr (VI) treatments i.e., 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 μM on two mungbean cultivars, Pusa Vishal (PV) and Pusa Ratna (PR), in hydroponic and pot conditions were evaluated. Germination, seedling growth, biomass production, antioxidant enzyme, electrolytic leakage, oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde), and proline content were determined to evaluate the performance of both cultivars under hydroponic conditions for 15 days. The hydroponic results were further compared with the growth and seed yield attributes of both the genotypes in pot experiments performed over 2 years. Seedling growth, biomass production, total chlorophyll (Chl), Chl-a, Chl-b, nitrogen content, plant height, seed protein, and seed yield decreased significantly under the 120 μM Cr stress level. Activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase increased in the leaves following Cr exposure at 60–90 μM but declined at 120 μM. Cr-induced reductions in growth and seed yield attributes were more in the sensitive than in the tolerant cultivar. Cr accumulation in the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds increased with an increase in Cr concentrations in the pot conditions. Furthermore, for both cultivars, there were significant negative correlations in morpho-physiological characteristics under high Cr concentrations. Overall results suggest that (PR) is more sensitive to Cr stress (PV) at the seedling stage and in pot conditions. Furthermore, (PV) can be utilized to study the mechanisms of Cr tolerance and in breeding programs to develop Cr-resistant varieties.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableChromium (Cr) presently used in various major industries and its residues possess a potent environmental threat. Contamination of soil and water resources due to Cr ions and its toxicity has adversely affected plant growth and crop productivity. Here, deleterious effects of different levels of Cr (VI) treatments i.e., 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 μM on two mungbean cultivars, Pusa Vishal (PV) and Pusa Ratna (PR), in hydroponic and pot conditions were evaluated. Germination, seedling growth, biomass production, antioxidant enzyme, electrolytic leakage, oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde), and proline content were determined to evaluate the performance of both cultivars under hydroponic conditions for 15 days. The hydroponic results were further compared with the growth and seed yield attributes of both the genotypes in pot experiments performed over 2 years. Seedling growth, biomass production, total chlorophyll (Chl), Chl-a, Chl-b, nitrogen content, plant height, seed protein, and seed yield decreased significantly under the 120 μM Cr stress level. Activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase increased in the leaves following Cr exposure at 60–90 μM but declined at 120 μM. Cr-induced reductions in growth and seed yield attributes were more in the sensitive than in the tolerant cultivar. Cr accumulation in the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds increased with an increase in Cr concentrations in the pot conditions. Furthermore, for both cultivars, there were significant negative correlations in morpho-physiological characteristics under high Cr concentrations. Overall results suggest that (PR) is more sensitive to Cr stress (PV) at the seedling stage and in pot conditions. Furthermore, (PV) can be utilized to study the mechanisms of Cr tolerance and in breeding programs to develop Cr-resistant varieties.Not Availabl

Mechanistic insights of salicylic acid-mediated salt stress tolerance in Zea mays L. seedlings

Elevated sodium level (Na+) poses significant threat to crop plant physio-biochemical processes, leading to impaired growth followed by decline in productivity. Addressing this challenge, requires an eco-friendly and cost-effective strategy that enhances plant salt stress tolerance capacity. In this context, the exogenous source of plant growth regulators (PGRs) proved to be an efficient approach. Of various PGRs, salicylic acid (SA) is an emerging signaling molecule that boosts plant stress endurance mechanism. This study investigates SA-mediated salt stress tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings, by examining morpho-physiological and biochemical traits. Maize seedlings were subjected to varying levels of salt stress (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mM NaCl) for a period of 10-days. The results revealed that, a substantial decline in germination percentage, shoot and root length, plant biomass, vigour index, and various other physiological parameters under salt stress causing concentrations. Conversely, salt stress increased oxidative stress indicators, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), osmolytes and elemental concentrations as well as antioxident enzymes (SOD, CAT, POX, APX, GR, AsA). However, the exogenous supplementation of SA at 0.1 mM significantly restored most morpho-physiological attributes in maize under salt stress conditions. This suggests that SA actively triggers the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) pathway and other key enzymes, leading to sodium extrusion and improving antioxidant defense in maize seedlings. This finding provides valuable insights for maize farmers that employing SA could lead to improved maize production in saline soils