Skeletal muscle IL-6 regulates muscle substrate utilization and adipose tissue metabolism during recovery from an acute bout of exercise

An acute bout of exercise imposes a major challenge on whole-body metabolism and metabolic adjustments are needed in multiple tissues during recovery to reestablish metabolic homeostasis. It is currently unresolved how this regulation is orchestrated between tissues. This study was undertaken to clarify the role of skeletal muscle derived interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the coordination of the metabolic responses during recovery from acute exercise. Skeletal muscle specific IL-6 knockout (IL-6 MKO) and littermate Control mice were rested or ran on a treadmill for 2h. Plasma, skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue were obtained after 6 and 10h of recovery. Non-exercised IL-6 MKO mice had higher plasma lactate and lower plasma non-esterified fatty acids than Controls. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the active form was, in skeletal muscle, higher in IL-6 MKO mice than Controls in non-exercised mice and 6h after exercise. IL-6 MKO mice had lower glucose transporter 4 protein content in inguinal adipose tissue (WAT) than Control in non-exercised mice and 10h after treadmill running. Epididymal WAT hormone sensitive lipase phosphorylation and inguinal WAT mitogen activated kinase P38 phosphorylation were higher in IL-6 MKO than Control mice 6h after exercise. These findings indicate that skeletal muscle IL-6 may play an important role in the regulation of substrate utilization in skeletal muscle, basal and exercise-induced adaptations in adipose tissue glucose uptake and lipolysis during recovery from exercise. Together this indicates that skeletal muscle IL-6 contributes to reestablishing metabolic homeostasis during recovery from exercise by regulating WAT and skeletal muscle metabolism

Reconstruction of a Botanical Tree from a 3D Point Cloud

3D models are often acquired using optical methods such as LiDAR, structured light, or automated photogrammetry. These methods produce point clouds, and the typical downstream processing pipeline consists of registration of individually scanned point clouds followed by reconstruction of a triangle mesh from the combined point cloud. In this paper we consider a specific challenge that might prevent this pipeline from producing meshes suitable for later applications. The challenge concerns reconstruction of 3D models with thin tubular features, here exemplified by a tree with a very complex crown structure, where the radii of some branches are on the same order as the sample distance. In such cases, traditional surface reconstruction methods perform poorly. We discuss how a surface can still be reconstructed from this type of data. Our procedure begins by constructing a skeleton of the object from a graph whose vertices are the input points, a surface representation is then created from the skeleton, and, finally, a triangle mesh is generated from the surface representation. We demonstrated the efficacy of our method on a tree acquired using ground-based LiDAR

Skeletal muscle IL-6 regulates muscle substrate utilization and adipose tissue metabolism during recovery from an acute bout of exercise - Table 3

<p>Skeletal muscle IL-6 regulates muscle substrate utilization and adipose tissue metabolism during recovery from an acute bout of exercise</p> - Table

iWAT SOCS3 mRNA content (a) eWAT SOCS3 mRNA content (b) iWAT UCP1 mRNA content (c) eWAT UCP1 mRNA content (d) in non-exercised mice as well as 6h and 10h after 2h of treadmill running in Control and IL-6 MKO mice.

<p>Values are mean ± SE; (n = 9–10). *: significantly different from non-exercised within given genotype (p<0.05), ¤: significantly different from 6h within given genotype (p<0.05), #: significantly different from Control within given time point (p<0.05).</p