Manual de resultados censo Pandora Oeste del 16 al 18 de agosto de 2021

Proyecto: Aportes para la gestión ciudadana ante el riesgo de inundaciones en la comunidad de Pandora Oeste en el Valle la Estrella, LimónEl manual tiene la finalidad de presentar el proceso y resultados del Censo comunidad Pandora OesteThe purpose of the manual is to present the process and results of the Pandora Oeste community census.Universidad Nacional, Costa RicaInstituto de Estudios Sociales en Població

Memoria histórica del río Ocloro, Barrio Luján, San José, Costa Rica, 1960-2017

Barrio Luján se ubica al sur de la capital de Costa Rica y forma parte del distrito Catedral desde 1868. En este sector, la clase trabajadora encontró un hogar que, a pesar del creciente desarrollo urbanístico de las últimas décadas, preserva características de un barrio obrero, con actividades tradicionales que han sido heredadas de generación en generación. Además, se ha caracterizado por su organización comunal en dos grandes frentes: el desarrollo comunitario y la gestión de eventos de inundación provocados por el río Ocloro. Este río ha sufrido transformaciones a lo largo de los años, no solo por la carga de contaminación de residuos sólidos y líquidos que recibe actualmente, sino también, por las obras de entubado que ha experimentado en algunos segmentos del cauce, para intentar controlar las inundaciones. Este documento pretende describir el proceso dinámico que ha experimentado Barrio Luján, para facilitar la comprensión de la situación actual del río Ocloro y su impacto sobre el ambiente y la comunidad.Barrio Luján is a neighborhood located south of Costa Rica’s capital, being part of the Cathedral district since 1868. In this sector the working class found a home, which despite the increasing urban development of recent decades, it preserves the characteristics of a working-class neighborhood, with traditional activities passed down from generation to generation. Furthermore, it has been characterized by its communal organization on two main fronts: the community development and the flood management events caused by the Ocloro River. This river has changed over time, not only as a result of the pollution load of solid and liquid waste that it now receives, but also as a result of piping work done in some sections of the river bed, to try to control flooding. This document aims to describe the dynamic process that Barrio Luján has gone through, in order to facilitate understanding of the current situation of the Ocloro´s river and its impact on the environment and the community.Universidad Nacional, Costa RicaInstituto de Estudios Sociales en PoblaciónEscuela de Histori

Potential Pesticide Misuse in Agriculture Farms from Two Costa Rican Provinces

Pesticide misuse by farmers poses a human, animal, and environmental health hazard. Inadequate storage practices, incorrect pesticide selection, and pesticide formulation overuse were documented in agriculture farms from the Cartago and Guanacaste provinces in Costa Rica. Storage room characteristics in many farms do not follow safety standards for these facilities, as indicated by the Costa Rican Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. Different active ingredients with herbicidal, fungicidal, insecticidal, and bactericidal action are used in crop species for which they are not recommended. These included substances belonging to the carbamate, pyridine, cyclohexanedione, pyrethroid, conazole, benzothiazinone, oxadiazine, and phthalimide chemical groups in Cartago province; and to the neonicotinoid and pyrethroid chemical groups in Guanacaste province. Many pesticide formulations are used in greater amounts than those recommended by manufacturers, among them were bifenthrin, captan, oxamyl, cypermethrin, mancozeb, dimethoate, and deltamethrin in Cartago province, and imidacloprid in Guanacaste province. These substances and their secondary metabolites have the potential to move across different environmental compartments such as water, soil, and air and negatively affect the health of community members rather than just farmers applying these formulations. Well-established pesticide education programs based on on-site visits to farmers can enhance awareness in implementing good practices and ensure rational use of these substances, with positive results in non-target organisms such as humans and ecosystem service providers as well as natural and anthropogenic ecosystems.El uso indebido de plaguicidas por parte de los agricultores supone un peligro para la salud humana, animal y ambiental. En fincas agrícolas de las provincias de Cartago y Guanacaste, en Costa Rica, se documentaron prácticas inadecuadas de almacenamiento, selección incorrecta de plaguicidas y uso excesivo de formulaciones plaguicidas. Las características de los cuartos de almacenamiento en muchas fincas no siguen las normas de seguridad para estas instalaciones indicadas por el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería de Costa Rica. Diferentes ingredientes activos con acción herbicida, fungicida, insecticida y bactericida son utilizados en especies de cultivo para las cuales no son recomendados. Entre ellos se encuentran sustancias pertenecientes a los grupos químicos carbamato, piridina, ciclohexanodiona, piretroide, conazol, benzotiazolinona, oxadiazina y ftalimida en la provincia de Cartago; y a los grupos químicos neonicotinoide y piretroide en la provincia de Guanacaste. Muchas formulaciones de plaguicidas se utilizan en cantidades superiores a las recomendadas por los fabricantes, entre ellas bifentrina, captan, oxamilo, cipermetrina, mancozeb, dimetoato y deltametrina en la provincia de Cartago e imidacloprid en la provincia de Guanacaste. Estas sustancias y sus metabolitos secundarios tienen el potencial de desplazarse a través de diferentes matrices ambientales, como el agua, el suelo y el aire, y afectar negativamente a la salud de los miembros de la comunidad y no sólo de los agricultores que aplican estas formulaciones. Los programas de educación basados en visitas in situ a los agricultores, pueden mejorar la concienciación en la aplicación de buenas prácticas y garantizar un uso racional de estas sustancias, con resultados positivos en organismos no diana como los seres humanos y los proveedores de servicios ecosistémicos, así como en los ecosistemas naturales y antropogénicos.Universidad Nacional, Costa RicaEscuela de Medicina Veterinari

Social vulnerability to floods: case study Pandora Oeste, Limón, Costa Rica, Central America

The increase in floods as a result of climate change is causing considerable concern in vulnerable localities. The community of Pandora Oeste in Costa Rica has flood records since 1970, where their effects are increasingly frequent. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe the social vulnerability in Pandora Oeste, associated with the characteristics of the local people and housing, as well as their current conditions for generating information that contributes to integrated risk management. The action research methodology used allowed the development of joint activities between local actors and academia, in order to better understand several variables that influence social vulnerability to flood risk. To achieve this, a survey was applied to the community residents, and a social mapping workshop was conducted with the participation of members of the Valle la Estrella Community Emergency Committee. This gathered baseline information is a relevant input for the community decision-making, to direct efforts in the implementation of flood risk mitigation actions. At the same time, the results have established an approach to the flood problem, providing the methodological scenarios implemented, which could potentially be replicated in other communities, including new perspectives from community management to the articulation of actors, strengthening shared responsibility for social resilience in the face of future extreme weather events.El aumento de las inundaciones como consecuencia del cambio climático está causando considerable preocupación en localidades vulnerables. La comunidad de Pandora Oeste en Costa Rica tiene registros de inundaciones desde 1970, donde sus efectos son cada vez más frecuentes. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es describir la vulnerabilidad social en Pandora Oeste, asociada a las características de la población local y de la vivienda, así como sus condiciones actuales para generar información que contribuya a la gestión integrada del riesgo. La metodología de investigación acción utilizada permitió el desarrollo de actividades conjuntas entre actores locales y la academia, con el fin de comprender mejor varias variables que influyen en la vulnerabilidad social ante el riesgo de inundaciones. Para lograrlo, se aplicó una encuesta a los vecinos de la comunidad y se realizó un taller de mapeo social con la participación de miembros del Comité de Emergencia Comunitario de Valle la Estrella. Esta información de línea de base recopilada es un insumo relevante para la toma de decisiones comunitarias, para orientar los esfuerzos en la implementación de acciones de mitigación del riesgo de inundaciones. Al mismo tiempo, los resultados han establecido un abordaje al problema de las inundaciones, brindando los escenarios metodológicos implementados, que potencialmente podrían ser replicados en otras comunidades, incluyendo nuevas perspectivas desde la gestión comunitaria hasta la articulación de actores, fortaleciendo la responsabilidad compartida para la resiliencia social en ante futuros fenómenos meteorológicos extremos.Universidad Nacional, Costa RicaInstituto de Estudios Sociales en Població

Censo Pandora Oeste, Valle de la Estrella, Limón 2021

IDESPOProyecto: Aportes para la gestión ciudadana ante el riesgo de inundaciones en la comunidad de Pandora Oeste en el Valle de la Estrella LimónCenso aplicado a comunidad de Pandora Oeste, Valle de la Estrella, LimónUniversidad Nacional, Costa RicaInstituto de Estudios Sociales en Població

Assesment of the Ocloro Rivers enviromental health, using a mixed metthodology

La sostenibilidad de las zonas urbanas hoy en día enfrenta grandes desafíos, debido a los altos niveles de contaminación causados por la densidad poblacional. Por consiguiente, la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico se ve cada vez más comprometido, producto a la inapropiada gestión de residuos sólidos y líquidos, generados por diferentes actividades humanas. El río Ocloro es un claro ejemplo de esta problemática, el deterioro de su salud ambiental es una evidencia de ello. Para conocerla, se utilizó una metodología mixta, el primer método fue la caracterización de la calidad del agua mediante parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos, posteriormente, la determinación del índice holandés, obteniendo un total de 16 muestras clase 5 “contaminación muy severa” y 4 muestras clase 4 “contaminación severa”, del 2019 al 2021. En la segunda etapa se aplicó una encuesta de percepción entre un sector específico de la población de Barrio Luján, alcanzando información de 80 viviendas, donde 54 personas indicaron haber tenido afectación por la contaminación del río; asimismo, la mayoría calificó el nivel de contaminación en 8, donde 10 era el valor con mayor nivel de contaminación. Finalmente se utilizó el método POSH, el cual permitió identificar algunas de las principales fuentes puntuales de contaminación en las cercanías del río, determinando 27,1 % de contaminación elevada, 22,3 % de contaminación moderada y 50,6 % de contaminación reducida; este último le corresponde a la parte norte de la microcuenca en los barrios de San Pedro, Los Yoses y Francisco PeraltaThe sustainability of urban areas nowadays faces significant challenges, due to high levels of pollution caused by population density. Therefore, the availability of water resources appears to be becoming increasingly compromised, as a result of inappropriate management of the solid and liquid waste generated by different human activities. The Ocloro River is a clear example of this problem, as evidenced by the deterioration of its environmental health. A mixed methodology was used to know about it, the first method was to characterize water quality using physicochemical and microbiological parameters, later on, the determination of the Duch index, giving a total of 16 samples of class 5 “extreme contamination” and 4 samples of class 4 “severe contamination”, from 2019 to 2021. In the second stage, a perception survey was conducted among a specific sector of the Barrio Luján population, approaching information from 80 homes, where 54 people indicated that the river pollution had affected them; additionally, the majority rated the level of pollution as 8, where 10 was the value with the highest level of pollution. Finally, the POSH method was used, which allowed the identification of some of the main point sources of pollution near the river, determining 27.1 % of high pollution, 22.3 % of moderate pollution, and 50,6 % of reduced pollution; this last one corresponds to the northern part of the river micro-basin in the communities of San Pedro, Los Yoses, and Francisco PeraltaUniversidad Nacional, Costa RicaInstituto de Estudios Sociales en Població

Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study

Background: Up to 30% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 require advanced respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for failing non-invasive respiratory support in patients treated with severe COVID-19 during the first two years of the pandemic in high-income countries (HICs) and low middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: This is a multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study embedded in the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who required hospital admission were recruited prospectively. Patients treated with HFNC, NIV, or IMV within the first 24 h of hospital admission were included in this study. Descriptive statistics, random forest, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe clinical characteristics and compare clinical outcomes among patients treated with the different types of advanced respiratory support. Results: A total of 66,565 patients were included in this study. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated in HIC, and 40.6% were admitted to the hospital during the first pandemic wave. During the first 24 h after hospital admission, patients in HICs were more frequently treated with HFNC (48.0%), followed by NIV (38.6%) and IMV (13.4%). In contrast, patients admitted in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were less frequently treated with HFNC (16.1%) and the majority received IMV (59.1%). The failure rate of non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. HFNC or NIV) was 15.5%, of which 71.2% were from HIC and 28.8% from LMIC. The variables most strongly associated with non-invasive ventilation failure, defined as progression to IMV, were high leukocyte counts at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 5.86 [4.83-7.10]), treatment in an LMIC (OR [95%CI]; 2.04 [1.97-2.11]), and tachypnoea at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 1.16 [1.14-1.18]). Patients who failed HFNC/NIV had a higher 28-day fatality ratio (OR [95%CI]; 1.27 [1.25-1.30]). Conclusions: In the present international cohort, the most frequently used advanced respiratory support was the HFNC. However, IMV was used more often in LMIC. Higher leucocyte count, tachypnoea, and treatment in LMIC were risk factors for HFNC/NIV failure. HFNC/NIV failure was related to worse clinical outcomes, such as 28-day mortality. Trial registration This is a prospective observational study; therefore, no health care interventions were applied to participants, and trial registration is not applicable

Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study

Background: Up to 30% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 require advanced respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for failing non-invasive respiratory support in patients treated with severe COVID-19 during the first two years of the pandemic in high-income countries (HICs) and low middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: This is a multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study embedded in the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who required hospital admission were recruited prospectively. Patients treated with HFNC, NIV, or IMV within the first 24 h of hospital admission were included in this study. Descriptive statistics, random forest, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe clinical characteristics and compare clinical outcomes among patients treated with the different types of advanced respiratory support. Results: A total of 66,565 patients were included in this study. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated in HIC, and 40.6% were admitted to the hospital during the first pandemic wave. During the first 24 h after hospital admission, patients in HICs were more frequently treated with HFNC (48.0%), followed by NIV (38.6%) and IMV (13.4%). In contrast, patients admitted in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were less frequently treated with HFNC (16.1%) and the majority received IMV (59.1%). The failure rate of non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. HFNC or NIV) was 15.5%, of which 71.2% were from HIC and 28.8% from LMIC. The variables most strongly associated with non-invasive ventilation failure, defined as progression to IMV, were high leukocyte counts at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 5.86 [4.83–7.10]), treatment in an LMIC (OR [95%CI]; 2.04 [1.97–2.11]), and tachypnoea at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 1.16 [1.14–1.18]). Patients who failed HFNC/NIV had a higher 28-day fatality ratio (OR [95%CI]; 1.27 [1.25–1.30]). Conclusions: In the present international cohort, the most frequently used advanced respiratory support was the HFNC. However, IMV was used more often in LMIC. Higher leucocyte count, tachypnoea, and treatment in LMIC were risk factors for HFNC/NIV failure. HFNC/NIV failure was related to worse clinical outcomes, such as 28-day mortality. Trial registration This is a prospective observational study; therefore, no health care interventions were applied to participants, and trial registration is not applicable

Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study

International audienceBackground: Up to 30% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 require advanced respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for failing non-invasive respiratory support in patients treated with severe COVID-19 during the first two years of the pandemic in high-income countries (HICs) and low middle-income countries (LMICs).Methods: This is a multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study embedded in the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who required hospital admission were recruited prospectively. Patients treated with HFNC, NIV, or IMV within the first 24 h of hospital admission were included in this study. Descriptive statistics, random forest, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe clinical characteristics and compare clinical outcomes among patients treated with the different types of advanced respiratory support.Results: A total of 66,565 patients were included in this study. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated in HIC, and 40.6% were admitted to the hospital during the first pandemic wave. During the first 24 h after hospital admission, patients in HICs were more frequently treated with HFNC (48.0%), followed by NIV (38.6%) and IMV (13.4%). In contrast, patients admitted in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were less frequently treated with HFNC (16.1%) and the majority received IMV (59.1%). The failure rate of non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. HFNC or NIV) was 15.5%, of which 71.2% were from HIC and 28.8% from LMIC. The variables most strongly associated with non-invasive ventilation failure, defined as progression to IMV, were high leukocyte counts at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 5.86 [4.83-7.10]), treatment in an LMIC (OR [95%CI]; 2.04 [1.97-2.11]), and tachypnoea at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 1.16 [1.14-1.18]). Patients who failed HFNC/NIV had a higher 28-day fatality ratio (OR [95%CI]; 1.27 [1.25-1.30]).Conclusions: In the present international cohort, the most frequently used advanced respiratory support was the HFNC. However, IMV was used more often in LMIC. Higher leucocyte count, tachypnoea, and treatment in LMIC were risk factors for HFNC/NIV failure. HFNC/NIV failure was related to worse clinical outcomes, such as 28-day mortality. Trial registration This is a prospective observational study; therefore, no health care interventions were applied to participants, and trial registration is not applicable