Colonial and Revolutionary Muster Rolls: Some New Evidence on Nutrition and Migration in Early America

That investment in human capital has made an important contribution to the increase of labor productivity and per capita income during the last several centuries is widely acknowledged. While much of the research on this issue has focused on education, many scholars have also directed attention to the significance of improvements in nutrition. Until recently, efforts to study this subject have been hampered by a lack of evidence, but it now appears possible to construct indexes of nutrition from height-by-age data. This paper employs a relatively underutilized type of historical document to investigate the level of nutrition in early America. The same material also provides a rich source of information about patterns of migration during this period. This paper finds that native-born Americans approached modern heights by the time of the Revolution. On average, colonial Americans appear to have been 2 to 4 inches taller than Europeans, with southerners considerably taller than northerners and the rural population of greater stature than the urban. These differences may indicate that other factors besides nutrition were important in accounting for the dramatic changes in U.S. mortality rates during the nineteenth century.

Growth of Superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ Thin Film Using Sedimentation Method with KCl

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that high-quality Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+ δ (Bi- 2212) films can be grown via sedimentation with subsequent post heat treatment [1]. However as the films were made thinner, relaxation and island formation occurs. To address the problem we added 10% KCl in the sediment to aid in the melting of the Bi-2212 with subsequent melt-quenching and annealing. The resulting film has a highly c-oriented Bi-2212 crystal structure, has smooth surface, and uniform substrate coverage. The thickness of the film ranges from 490 nm – 540nm. The highest Jc that was achieved is 3579.54 A/cm2 at 30K, with Tc-onset = 85.1K

Periods of join algebraic cycles

We determine the cycle class of join algebraic cycles inside smooth hypersurfaces by means of their periods. We show that being a join algebraic cycle is equivalent to have its associated Artin Gorenstein algebra isomorphic to the tensor product of the Artin Gorenstein algebras of each generating cycle. This decomposition allows us to relate the quadratic fundamental form associated to the Hodge loci of each algebraic cycle with the one associated to their join. As a first application we study at a second order approximation several Hodge loci of join algebraic cycles given as combinations of two linear cycles (previously studied by Movasati, Dan, Kloosterman and the second author), showing the non-smoothness in some new cases. Our main application is to show the existence of fake linear cycles inside hypersurfaces of any dimension and degree, given as join of $0$-dimensional fake linear cycles inside hypersurfaces of $\mathbb{P}^1$ with all their closed points defined over $\mathbb{Q}$. This shows that also for high degree hypersurfaces, there are infinitely many (non smooth) Hodge loci whose Zariski tangent space has the same codimension as the codimension of the component associated to a linear cycle