The forgotten coracoid: A case report of a coracoid fracture in a male cyclist

A fall onto the shoulder is a common mechanism of injury in cyclists. However, coracoid fractures remain unreported in the literature in this population. These authors report a case of a coracoid fracture missed on the initial plain film radiographs. Whilst these fractures can be easily missed on standard trauma series radiographs of the shoulder, alternate views and other imaging modalities can be used to detect these fractures. Clinical suspicion, judicious imaging and accurate diagnosis of these fractures are important, as stability of the coracoid influences the entire superior shoulder suspensory complex which allows normal function of the shoulder jointKeywords: cycling, trauma, sport, injury, shoulder injur

The composition of egg yolk absorbed by fasted ostrich (struthio camelus L.) chicks from 1 to 7 days posthatching and for ostrich (struthio camelus L.) chicks from 1 to 16 days posthatching on a prestarter broiler diet

This study was performed to obtain information on yolk utilization in fasted and fed ostrich chicks posthatching. The fasted trial lasted for 7 d, whereas the fed trial continued for 16 d. Fasted ostrich chicks showed a decrease of 31.3 g of BW, with yolk weight decreasing by 28.9 g daily after hatching. Yolk weight comprised 28% of 1-d-old ostrich chick BW and decreased to 12% at 7 d of age. Only 44.4% of the fasted ostrich chick yolk was assimilated over the trial period. Crude protein content of the yolk decreased by 13.2 g daily. Fat content increased by 1.77% daily, whereas total yolk fat weight decreased with 8.91 g daily. Slaughter weight of fed ostrich chicks increased, with yolk weight decreasing by 16.3 g daily. Yolk content for fed ostrich chicks was 26% of BW at 2 d of age. Ostrich chicks absorb 30% of yolk over the first 4 d, 67% after 8 d, and only deplete the yolk after 14 d posthatch. Fasted ostrich chicks absorbed the yolk content at a rate of 28.9 g/d, compared with 22.3 g/d over the first 8 d and 16.3 g/d over the 16 d for fed ostrich chicks. The CP content of the yolk decreased by 6.84 g daily in fed ostrich chicks, whereas fat content of the yolk increased by 1.39% daily, although total yolk fat weight decreased by 6.61 g daily. Yolk weight and total CP decreased faster over the first 7 d in the fasted ostrich chicks compared with the fed ostrich chicks, which indicated that the decrease in yolk weight could be attributed to absorption of protein from the yolk. Fat content decreased faster over the first 8 d from the yolk of the fed ostrich chicks compared with that from the yolk of the fasted ostrich chicks, which could indicate that external feed has a positive influence on the absorption of fat from the yolk content. © 2012 Poultry Science Association Inc

The composition of egg yolk absorbed by fasted ostrich (struthio camelus L.) chicks from 1 to 7 days posthatching and for ostrich (struthio camelus L.) chicks from 1 to 16 days posthatching on a prestarter broiler diet

This study was performed to obtain information on yolk utilization in fasted and fed ostrich chicks posthatching. The fasted trial lasted for 7 d, whereas the fed trial continued for 16 d. Fasted ostrich chicks showed a decrease of 31.3 g of BW, with yolk weight decreasing by 28.9 g daily after hatching. Yolk weight comprised 28% of 1-d-old ostrich chick BW and decreased to 12% at 7 d of age. Only 44.4% of the fasted ostrich chick yolk was assimilated over the trial period. Crude protein content of the yolk decreased by 13.2 g daily. Fat content increased by 1.77% daily, whereas total yolk fat weight decreased with 8.91 g daily. Slaughter weight of fed ostrich chicks increased, with yolk weight decreasing by 16.3 g daily. Yolk content for fed ostrich chicks was 26% of BW at 2 d of age. Ostrich chicks absorb 30% of yolk over the first 4 d, 67% after 8 d, and only deplete the yolk after 14 d posthatch. Fasted ostrich chicks absorbed the yolk content at a rate of 28.9 g/d, compared with 22.3 g/d over the first 8 d and 16.3 g/d over the 16 d for fed ostrich chicks. The CP content of the yolk decreased by 6.84 g daily in fed ostrich chicks, whereas fat content of the yolk increased by 1.39% daily, although total yolk fat weight decreased by 6.61 g daily. Yolk weight and total CP decreased faster over the first 7 d in the fasted ostrich chicks compared with the fed ostrich chicks, which indicated that the decrease in yolk weight could be attributed to absorption of protein from the yolk. Fat content decreased faster over the first 8 d from the yolk of the fed ostrich chicks compared with that from the yolk of the fasted ostrich chicks, which could indicate that external feed has a positive influence on the absorption of fat from the yolk content. © 2012 Poultry Science Association Inc

Avaliação nutricional da silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo de baixo ou de alto conteúdo de tanino para coelhos em crescimento Nutritional evaluation of high moisture sorghum silage grain with low or high tannin content for growing rabbits

Dois experimentos foram realizados com os objetivos de determinar o valor nutritivo e verificar o desempenho de coelhos em crescimento alimentados com rações isoenergéticas contendo diferentes níveis de silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo de baixo ou de alto conteúdo de tanino. No ensaio de digestibilidade (experimento 1), determinou-se o valor nutritivo de silagens de grãos úmidos de sorgo de baixo e alto conteúdo de tanino. Foram utilizados 30 coelhos (15 machos e 15 fêmeas) da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, com média de 55 dias de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e dez repetições. Em cada tratamento, as silagens de grãos avaliadas substituíram 30% de uma ração-referência. Os teores de MS, MO, proteína, amido e energia digestíveis das silagens de grãos úmidos de sorgo de baixo e alto teores de tanino foram, respectivamente, 62,25 e 62,61%; 91,99 e 89,05%; 9,50 e 7,70%; 66,22 e 65,76%; e 4.285 e 4.116 kcal/kg na MS. No experimento de desempenho, foram avaliadas rações contendo níveis crescentes de silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo de baixo e alto conteúdos de tanino (0, 33, 66 e 100%) em substituição ao milho. Foram utilizados 84 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco (42 machos e 42 fêmeas) com idade inicial de 35 dias, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos e 12 repetições, no qual a unidade experimental foi constituída de um animal. A análise de variância não comprovou diferenças entre os tratamentos para as características de desempenho, carcaça e custo por quilo de peso vivo ganho de coelhos em crescimento. Silagens de grãos úmidos de sorgo de baixo ou alto teores de tanino apresentam bom valor nutritivo e podem substituir totalmente o milho em rações para coelhos em crescimento.<br>Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritive value and to evaluate the performance of growing rabbits fed on isoenergetic diets containing high moisture sorghum silage grain with low or high tannin levels. In the digestibility assay (experiment 1), the nutritive values of silages were determined with 30 New Zealand White rabbits, 15 males and 15 females, 55 days old, allotted in a completely randomized design, with 3 treatments and 10 replications. In each treatment the each sorghum silage replaced 30% basal diet. Values of digestible dry matter, organic matter, protein, starch and energy of high moisture sorghum silage grain with low or high tannin content were, respectively, on a dry matter basis, 62.25 and 62.61%; 91.99 and 89.05%; 9.50 and 7.70%; 66.22 and 65.76% and, 4,285 and 4,116 kcal/kg. In performance trial diets containing increasing levels of high moisture sorghum silage grain with low or high tannin content (0, 33, 66 and 100%) in replacement to corn were used. Eighty four New Zealand White rabbits (42 males and 42 females), 35 days old, were alloted in a completely randomized design, with 7 treatments and 12 replications each. There was no effect on performance, carcass and cost of ration per kilogram live weigh gain of growing rabbits. High moisture sorghum silage grain with low or high tannin content has good nutritive value and may totally replace corn in diets of growing rabbits

From numbers to ecosystems and biodiversity: A mechanistic approach to monitoring

Diverse political, cultural and biological needs epitomise the contrasting demands impacting on the mandate of the South African National Parks (SANParks) to maintain biological diversity. Systems-based approaches and strategic adaptive management (learn by doing) enable SANParks to accommodate these demands. However, such a management strategy creates new information needs, which require an appropriate analytical approach. We use conceptual links between objectives, indicators, mechanisms and modulators to identify key concerns in the context of and related to management objectives. Although our suggested monitoring designs are based mostly on defined or predicted underlying mechanisms of a concern, SANParks requires inventory monitoring to evaluate its key mandate. We therefore propose a predictive inventory approach based on species assemblages related to habitat preferences. Inventories alone may not always adequately serve unpacking of mechanisms: in some cases population size needs to be estimated to meet the information needs of management strategies, but actual population sizes may indirectly affect how the species impact on other values. In addition, ecosystem objectives require multivariate assessments of key communities, which can be used in trend analysis. SANParks therefore needs to know how to detect and define trends efficiently, which, in turn, requires precision of measures of variables. Conservation implications: Current research needs with regard to monitoring should focus on defining designs to yield optimal precision whilst taking methodology, survey trade-offs and analytical approaches into account. Use of these directives and research will guide monitoring during evaluation of SANParks objectives at various scales