In vitro aktivnost cefovecina, cefalosporina proširenoga spektra, protiv 284 klinička izolata izdvojena iz mačaka i pasa u Hrvatskoj.

During the six-month collection period, 284 bacterial strains were recovered from different clinical samples from cats and dogs. Susceptibility to cefovecin was determined by disk-diffusion method. Out of 284 bacterial isolates, 202 were gram-positive bacteria and 82 were gram-negative. The most frequently isolated bacterial species was gram-positive Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (152), followed by streptococci (50). The most common gram-negative bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26), Proteus spp. (25) and E. coli (22). The highest resistance among gram-positive bacteria was observed in non-hemolytic streptococci (50%) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (7.2%). Beta-hemolytic streptococci were 100% sensitive to cefovecin. As expected, cefovecin did not show any activity against P. aeruginosa. Besides that, the highest resistance was shown by E. coli (40.9%) and Proteus spp. (8%). All P. multocida isolates were sensitive to cefovecin. The results of the conducted survey show no significant differences of cefovecin activity against beta-hemolytic streptococci and P. multocida isolates from EU and USA compared to Croatian strains, when tested by the broth microdilution and disk-diffusion method. However, resistance rates in S. pseudintermedius, E. coli and Proteus spp. are much higher among the Croatian strains.Tijekom šestomjesečnog razdoblja 284 izolata bakterija izdvojena su iz različitih kliničkih uzoraka podrijetlom od pasa i mačaka. Osjetljivost sojeva na cefovecin određena je disk-difuzijskom metodom. Od 284 izolata 202 bila su gram-pozitivne, a 82 gram-negativne bakterije. Najzastupljenija je bila vrsta Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (152), a na drugom mjestu streptokoki (50). Najčešće gram-negativne vrste bile su Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26), Proteus spp. (25) i E. coli (22). Najviša stopa rezistencije među gram-pozitivnim bakterijama utvrđena je u nehemolitičkih streptokoka (50%) i u vrste Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (7,2%). Beta-hemolitički streptokoki bili su 100% osjetljivi na cefovecin. Kao što je bilo očekivano, cefovecin nije bio djelotvoran na vrstu P. aeruginosa. Vrlo visok postotak rezistentnih sojeva utvrđen je i kod vrsta E. Coli (40,9%) i Proteus spp. (8%). Svi izolati P. multocida bili su osjetljivi na cefovecin. Ovi rezultati u skladu su s onima dobivenim određivanjem osjetljivosti beta-hemolitičkih streptokoka i sojeva P. multocida podrijetlom iz SAD-a i Europske Unije mikrodilucijskom metodom. To se ne može reći za izolate S. pseudintermedius, E. Coli i Proteus spp., u kojih je utvrđen znatno viši postotak otpornih sojeva

Uloga mišolikih sisavaca kao rezervoara leptospira u šumama hrasta lužnjaka Hrvatske.

In the year 2000, three hundred and eighty-one animals werw caught in 11 locations in the pedunculate oak forests extending across the wider region of the Sava River valley, an area known as an old natural focus of leptospires. Two hundred and twenty-seven animals were investigated for leptospiral carriership, 381 were tested for the existence of specific antibodies to leptospira. Through cultivation of kidney sections in the Korthof’s nutrient medium, 17 strains of leptospira were isolated from 3 species of myomorphous mammals, of which in the house mouse (Mus musculus) the serovar sejroe in 10 animals (71.4%), in the black-striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) the serovar pomona in 4 animals (5.4%) and in the yellownecked field mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) the serovars australis, pomona and one unindentified isolate in 3 animals (4.5%), representing a total of 7.5% of animals. Using the microscopic agglutination test in 47 animals (12.3%), antibodies to leptospira were found for 8 serovars, for the most part the serovar pomona, then (in decreasing order) for the serovars saxkoebing australis, and hardjo. The percentage of serologically positive animals ranged from 34.4% in the house mouse, 13,9% in the black-striped field mouse, 10.8% in the yellow-necked fieldmouse, 9.4% in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), to 6.5% in the long-tailed field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus). The research results suggest that pedunculate oak forests can be considered as an integral part of a vast natural focus of leptospirosis. The specificity and role of this biotope in maintaining leptospira should be investigated to a greater extent in the future.U šumama hrasta lužnjaka, na 11 lokaliteta koji se prostiru u širem području rijeke Save, poznatom kao staro prirodno žarište leptospiroza, tijekom 2000. godine ulovljeno je 381 životinja. Na kliconoštvo leptospira pretraženo je 227 životinja i 381 životinja na prisutnost specifičnih protutijela za leptospire. Kultivacijom komadića bubrega u Korthof-ovom hranilištu, izdvojeno je 17 sojeva leptospira, u 3 vrste mišolikih sisavaca, od čega u kućnog miša (Mus musculus) serološka varijanta sejroe u 10 ili 71,4% životinja, u poljskog miša (Apodemus agrarius) serološka varijanta pomona u 4 ili 5,4% i žutogrlog miša (Apodemus flavicollis) serološka varijanta australis, serološka varijanta pomona i jedan nedeterminirani izolat u tri ili 4,5% životinja, što predstavlja ukupno 7,5% životinja. Reakcijom mikroskopske aglutinacije u 47 ili 12,3% životinja ustanovljena su protutijela za 8 seroloških varijanti leptospira, od čega najviše za serološku varijantu pomona, a zatim redom serološku varijantu saxkoebing, australis i hardjo. Postotak serološki pozitivnih životinja kretao se od 34,4% u kućnog miša, 13,9% u poljskog miša, 10,8% žutogrlog miša, 9,4% u riđe voluharice (Clethrionomys glareolus) do 6,5% u šumskog miša (Apodemus sylvaticus). Rezultati istraživanja upućuju na zaključak da šume hrasta lužnjaka možemo smatrati sastavnim dijelom velikog prirodnog žarišta leptospiroze. Specifičnosti i ulogu ovog biotopa u održanju leptospira trebalo bi u budućnosti opsežnije istražiti

Teški oblik papilomatoze goveda: nalaz papilomavirusa u tumorskom tkivu i učinkovitost liječenja autogenom vakcinom i imunomodulatorom

Two cases of severe bovine papillomatosis occurred in northwest Croatia during 2000 are described. Diagnosis was based on presented clinical signs, histopathological findings, and detection of the papillomavirus by transmission electron microscopy. Animals successfully recovered following treatment with the autogenous (non-purified) vaccine and a parammunity inducer. For the first time in Croatia we report the detection of papillomavirus by electron microscopy.U radu su opisana dva slučaja generalizirane papilomatoze u goveda ustanovljena u sjeveroistočnom području Republike Hrvatske tijekom 2000. godine. U oba slučaja dijagnoza je postavljena na osnovi kliničke slike, histopatološke pretrage tumorskog tkiva i nalaza papilomavirusa goveda u homogenizatu tumorskog tkiva elektronskom mikroskopijom. Životinje su liječene autogenom vakcinom i imunomodulatorom (Baypamun®, Bayer Pharma, Leverkusen, Germany), a tumorozne promjene u potpunosti su iščezle nakon 6 tjedana od početka liječenja. U radu je po prvi put u Republici Hrvatskoj opisan nalaz papilomavirusa goveda u tumorskom tkivu elektronskom mikroskopijom

Protutijela za viruse humane influence u prokazivačkih pataka u ornitološkom rezervatu Kopački rit.

Direct transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans has been confifi rmed and ever since it has been the main topic of influenza virus research. The opposite form of virus transmission is still unclear. In our study we used duck flocks as sentinels for surveillance of wild birds for influenza viruses and the possibility of bird infections with human influenza A viruses. Tested sera were collected from ducks in a free breeding system on a fish pond in the ornithological reserve Kopački rit (Croatia). Ducks were bred in an isolated unit for the first three weeks, and this was followed by four weeks breeding on the fifi sh pond without contact with humans. Sera were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using human influenza viruses A/New Caledonia/20/99/ VR-116 (H1N1), A/Panama/2007/99 (RESVIR - 17) (H3N2), B/Hong Kong/330/01 and B/Sichuana/379/99 as antigens. To determine the time of infection, sera were collected twice during the period of isolation (day 0 and day 21) and at the end of breeding (day 49). Sera collected during the period of isolation were negative to influenza A and influenza B viruses. The high titer of influenza A specific antibodies in the serum samples at the end of breeding confirmed infection during exposure on the fish pond. As ducks on the fish pond had no contact with humans and were only in close contact with wild migratory birds these results confirmed that wild migratory birds were a source of infection and present a reservoir of influenza viruses. Very high seroprevalence in sentinel ducks with a high HI titers in some animals was determined at the end of breeding. The results of this study indicate that sentinel ducks were infected with influenza A virus strains closely related to the human strains used as an antigen. Also this study confirmed that sentinel ducks could be successfully used in influenza monitoring in wild birds.Mogućnost prijenosa ljudskih sojeva virusa influence izravno s ljudi na ptice još uvijek nije dovoljno istražena. U ovom radu prikazana je uporaba domaćih pataka kao modela prokazivačkih (engl. sentinel) životinja za promatranje širenja influence u divljih ptica, te je pomoću njih istražena infekcije ptica virusima influence antigenski bliskim humanim sojevima. Pretraživani su uzorci seruma pataka slobodno držanih na ribnjaku u ornitološkom rezervatu Kopački Rit. Patke su prva tri tjedna bile uzgajane u zatvorenom objektu, a potom su sljedeća četiri tjedna bile uzgajane na ribnjaku bez dodira s ljudima. Serumi su bili uzorkovani nultoga i 21. dana u zatvorenom objektu te 49. dana, tj. nakon završetka uzgoja na ribnjaku. Svi uzorci seruma bili su pretraženi inhibicijom hemaglutinacije, a kao antigeni bili su rabljeni humani sojevi virusa influence A/New Caledonia/20/99/VR-116 (H1N1) i A/Panama/2007/99 (RESVIR - 17) (H3N2), te humani sojevi virusa nfluence B/Hong Kong/330/01 i B/Sichuana/379/99. Svi pretraženi uzorci seruma uzeti u zatvorenom objektu nultog i 21. dana uzgajanja bili su negativni, dok su u uzorcima seruma uzetima na kraju uzgoja na ribnjaku (49. dana) ustanovljena specifična protutijela za viruse influence tipa A. Ovi rezultati potvrđuju infekciju pataka tijekom boravka na ribnjaku bez kontakta s ljudima što dokazuje da su divlje ptice bile izvor zaraze. Visoka seroprevalencija, te poglavito visoki titri specifičnih protutijela u pojedinih životinja dokaz su infekcije virusima influence antigenski srodnima humanim sojevima rabljenima u testu inhibicije hemaglutinacije. Postignuti rezultati potvrđuju mogućnost uporabe jata domaćih pataka kao prokazivačkih životinja za promatranje širenja influence u divljih ptica, te upućuju na nužnost daljnjega istraživanja mogućnosti infekcije ptica humanim sojevima virusa influence

Teški oblik papilomatoze goveda: nalaz papilomavirusa u tumorskom tkivu i učinkovitost liječenja autogenom vakcinom i imunomodulatorom

Two cases of severe bovine papillomatosis occurred in northwest Croatia during 2000 are described. Diagnosis was based on presented clinical signs, histopathological findings, and detection of the papillomavirus by transmission electron microscopy. Animals successfully recovered following treatment with the autogenous (non-purified) vaccine and a parammunity inducer. For the first time in Croatia we report the detection of papillomavirus by electron microscopy.U radu su opisana dva slučaja generalizirane papilomatoze u goveda ustanovljena u sjeveroistočnom području Republike Hrvatske tijekom 2000. godine. U oba slučaja dijagnoza je postavljena na osnovi kliničke slike, histopatološke pretrage tumorskog tkiva i nalaza papilomavirusa goveda u homogenizatu tumorskog tkiva elektronskom mikroskopijom. Životinje su liječene autogenom vakcinom i imunomodulatorom (Baypamun®, Bayer Pharma, Leverkusen, Germany), a tumorozne promjene u potpunosti su iščezle nakon 6 tjedana od početka liječenja. U radu je po prvi put u Republici Hrvatskoj opisan nalaz papilomavirusa goveda u tumorskom tkivu elektronskom mikroskopijom

Protutijela za viruse humane influence u prokazivačkih pataka u ornitološkom rezervatu Kopački rit.

Direct transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans has been confifi rmed and ever since it has been the main topic of influenza virus research. The opposite form of virus transmission is still unclear. In our study we used duck flocks as sentinels for surveillance of wild birds for influenza viruses and the possibility of bird infections with human influenza A viruses. Tested sera were collected from ducks in a free breeding system on a fish pond in the ornithological reserve Kopački rit (Croatia). Ducks were bred in an isolated unit for the first three weeks, and this was followed by four weeks breeding on the fifi sh pond without contact with humans. Sera were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using human influenza viruses A/New Caledonia/20/99/ VR-116 (H1N1), A/Panama/2007/99 (RESVIR - 17) (H3N2), B/Hong Kong/330/01 and B/Sichuana/379/99 as antigens. To determine the time of infection, sera were collected twice during the period of isolation (day 0 and day 21) and at the end of breeding (day 49). Sera collected during the period of isolation were negative to influenza A and influenza B viruses. The high titer of influenza A specific antibodies in the serum samples at the end of breeding confirmed infection during exposure on the fish pond. As ducks on the fish pond had no contact with humans and were only in close contact with wild migratory birds these results confirmed that wild migratory birds were a source of infection and present a reservoir of influenza viruses. Very high seroprevalence in sentinel ducks with a high HI titers in some animals was determined at the end of breeding. The results of this study indicate that sentinel ducks were infected with influenza A virus strains closely related to the human strains used as an antigen. Also this study confirmed that sentinel ducks could be successfully used in influenza monitoring in wild birds.Mogućnost prijenosa ljudskih sojeva virusa influence izravno s ljudi na ptice još uvijek nije dovoljno istražena. U ovom radu prikazana je uporaba domaćih pataka kao modela prokazivačkih (engl. sentinel) životinja za promatranje širenja influence u divljih ptica, te je pomoću njih istražena infekcije ptica virusima influence antigenski bliskim humanim sojevima. Pretraživani su uzorci seruma pataka slobodno držanih na ribnjaku u ornitološkom rezervatu Kopački Rit. Patke su prva tri tjedna bile uzgajane u zatvorenom objektu, a potom su sljedeća četiri tjedna bile uzgajane na ribnjaku bez dodira s ljudima. Serumi su bili uzorkovani nultoga i 21. dana u zatvorenom objektu te 49. dana, tj. nakon završetka uzgoja na ribnjaku. Svi uzorci seruma bili su pretraženi inhibicijom hemaglutinacije, a kao antigeni bili su rabljeni humani sojevi virusa influence A/New Caledonia/20/99/VR-116 (H1N1) i A/Panama/2007/99 (RESVIR - 17) (H3N2), te humani sojevi virusa nfluence B/Hong Kong/330/01 i B/Sichuana/379/99. Svi pretraženi uzorci seruma uzeti u zatvorenom objektu nultog i 21. dana uzgajanja bili su negativni, dok su u uzorcima seruma uzetima na kraju uzgoja na ribnjaku (49. dana) ustanovljena specifična protutijela za viruse influence tipa A. Ovi rezultati potvrđuju infekciju pataka tijekom boravka na ribnjaku bez kontakta s ljudima što dokazuje da su divlje ptice bile izvor zaraze. Visoka seroprevalencija, te poglavito visoki titri specifičnih protutijela u pojedinih životinja dokaz su infekcije virusima influence antigenski srodnima humanim sojevima rabljenima u testu inhibicije hemaglutinacije. Postignuti rezultati potvrđuju mogućnost uporabe jata domaćih pataka kao prokazivačkih životinja za promatranje širenja influence u divljih ptica, te upućuju na nužnost daljnjega istraživanja mogućnosti infekcije ptica humanim sojevima virusa influence

African Horse Sickness: the risk of the disease and possible consequences for horse breeding in Croatia

Afrička konjska kuga (AKK) nekontagiozna je vektorska bolest konja uzrokovana virusom iz porodice Reoviridae, rod Orbivirus. Za bolest su najprijemljiviji konji, poniji i magarci, mule nešto manje, a afrički magarci i zebre refraktarni su na razvoj klinički očitovanog oblika bolesti. Najvažniji je prijenosnik virusa AKK-a ženka mušice iz roda Culicoides. Klimatske promjene i globalizacija rezultirale su bezbrojnim čimbenicima koji znatno povećavaju rizik od pojave AKK-a u mnogim dijelovima svijeta. Postoje opsežni dokazi da mnoga područja slobodna od AKK-a već sada imaju klimatske uvjete koji dopuštaju pojavu epizootije AKK-a, a uvođenje inficiranih kopitara ili komarčića Culicoides spp. moglo bi uzrokovati opsežne i dugotrajne epizootije.African horse sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious vector-borne disease of horses, caused by a virus of the family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus. Horses, ponies and donkeys are the most susceptible to the disease, mules less so, while African donkeys and zebras are refractory to the development of a clinically manifested form of the disease. The most important carrier of the AHS virus is the female fly of the genus Culicoides. Climate change and globalization have triggered countless factors that significantly increase the risk of AHS in many parts of the world. There is extensive evidence that many AHS-free areas already have climatic conditions that allow AHS epizootics to occur, and the introduction of infected ungulates or Culicoides spp. mosquitoes could cause extensive and long-lasting epizootics

Istraživanje retrovirusnih infekcija u ugroženoj populaciji euroazijskog risa (Lynx lynx) u hrvatskoj

The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) may cause persistent, lifelong and lethal infections in domestic and wild felids worldwide. FIV has been confirmed in most Felidae species, while FeLV infection is rare among non-domestic cats. The view that retroviruses are pathogenic in domestic cats but not in other free-ranging felid species was disproved by recent findings of retroviral pathology in several wild felids. The epidemiology of retroviral infections in felids in Croatia was only investigated in urban domestic cats, while there are no data for wild cat species. As the reintroduced Dinaric lynx (Lynx lynx) population suffers from low genetic diversity, which reduces their ability to adapt to new viral outbreaks, the health status of this lynx population is of particular concern. Two different commercial immunochromatographic assays were used for qualitative detection of FIV antibodies and FeLV antigens, while PCR was used for amplification of proviral gag and env genes in Eurasian lynx blood samples. All the 17 Eurasian lynx samples collected between 2001 and 2019 tested negative in both immunochromatographic and molecular tests. Even though our sample size was rather small, considering the fact that the population size of lynx in Croatia is estimated at 40 - 60 animals, our results can be considered representative for the population’s health status. Also, data about retroviral prevalence in Eurasian lynxes are scarce, so any new findings are very valuable.Virus mačje imunodeficijencije (FIV) i virus mačje leukemije (FeLV) mogu uzrokovati trajne, cjeloživotne i smrtne infekcije u domaćih i divljih felida širom svijeta. FIV je potvrđen u većine felida, dok je infekcija FeLV-om u domaćih mačaka rijetka. Mišljenje da su retrovirusi patogeni u domaćih mačaka, ali ne i u slobodnoživućih felida, opovrgnuto je najnovijim istraživanjima retrovirusne patologije u nekoliko divljih felida. Epidemiologija retrovirusnih infekcija u felida u Hrvatskoj istraživana je u gradskih domaćih mačaka, dok podaci za divlje mačke ne postoje. Kako populaciju reintroduciranog dinarskog risa (Lynx lynx) obilježava niska genetska raznolikost, što smanjuje mogućnost prilagodbe na nove virusne zaraze, postoji osobita zabrinutost za zdravstveno stanje ove populacije risa. U radu su upotrijebljene dvije različite komercijalne imunokromatografske pretrage za kvalitativnu detekciju protutijela na FIV i FeLV antigene, dok je PCR upotrijebljen za umnažanje provirusnih gena gag i env u uzorcima krvi euroazijskog risa. Svih 17 uzoraka euroazijskog risa, prikupljenih od 2001. do 2019., bilo je negativno i u imunokromatografskom i molekularnom testu. Iako se radi o maloj veličini uzorka, s obzirom na to da je veličina populacije risa u Hrvatskoj procijenjena na 40 – 60 jedinki, naši se uzorci mogu smatrati reprezentativnima za zdravstveni status navedene populacije. Također, malo je podataka o retrovirusnoj prevalenciji u euroazijskog risa, što novim podacima dobivenim ovim istraživanjem daje dodatnu vrijednost

Serološko istraživanje leptospiroze u pasa u Hrvatskoj - mijenjanje epizootiologije bolesti.

Canine leptospirosis is a well known zoonotic infection with worldwide distribution. The serovars Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae have traditionally been responsible for most cases of canine leptospiroses. The use of widely available bivalent vaccines containing those two serovars has greatly reduced canine leptospirosis. However, re emergence of the disease has been detected in Europe and North America, partly due to changes in the infecting serovars. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the presumed infective serovars in dogs in Croatia. During a period of four years (2006 2010), 151 canine sera were submitted to the Laboratory for Leptospires, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb. Using a microscopic agglutination test (MAT), 57 (37.7%) seropositive sera were detected. The most prevalent presumed infective serovars, in decreasing order, were: Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, Saxkoebing and Hardjo. Results showed that most infections were caused by serovars not covered by the vaccine, which raises questions concerning its efficacy in preventing leptospirosis in dogs.Leptospiroza u pasa je zoonoza proširena diljem svijeta. Najčešći uzročnici bolesti u prošlosti bili su serovarovi Canicola i Icterohemorrhagiae. Uporabom vakcine koja sadržava ta dva serovara znatno je smanjena pojavnost bolesti. Međutim, u posljednje vrijeme zabilježen je porast slučajeva bolesti u pasa u Europi i Sjevernoj Americi, dijelom i zbog promjene prevalencije vjerojatno infektivnih serovarova. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ustanoviti učestalost infektivnih serovarova u pasa u Hrvatskoj. Tijekom četiri godine (2006. - 2010.) Laboratorij za leptospirozu Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu zaprimio je 151 uzorak pasjeg seruma. Mikroskopskim aglutinacijskim testom (MAT) ustanovljeno je 57 (37,7%) pozitivnih uzoraka. Najučestaliji zarazni serovarovi bili su Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Icterohemorrhagiae, Australis, Saxkoebing i Hardjo. Rezultati su pokazali da je većina infekcija u pasa bila uzrokovana serovarovima koji nisu sadržani u cjepivu što dovodi u pitanje njezinu učinkovitost u prevenciji bolesti

Usporedba epizootiološkog i kliničkog nalaza u koza s kazeoznim limfadenitisom i Morelovom bolesti.

Morel’s disease and caseous lymphadenitis of sheep and goats are caused by Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, respectively. Both diseases have similar epizootiology and are characterized by abscess formations in or near major superficial lymph nodes. These similarities in the clinical picture, along with the fact that caseous lymphadenitis is a better known and more common disease result in frequent misdiagnosis of the disease. In this study, the clinical and epizootiological findings of Morel’s disease and caseous lymphadenitis were evaluated and compared in two naturally infected goat herds. All animals in both herds were clinically examined by inspection and palpation for the presence of abscesses. Epizootiological data and clinical features, including the localization, number and size of the abscesses, were recorded and compared. The study showed that in the early epizootic stage both diseases equally affect both young and adult goats. The main differences in the clinical picture were related to the smaller average number and size of abscesses per animal in caseous lymphadenitis. However, these differences are insufficient to distinguish individual cases and so isolation and identification of the causative agent is still needed to confirm the diagnosis.Morelova bolest i kazeozni limfadenitis su zarazne bolesti koza i ovaca uzrokovane bakterijama Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius odnosno Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Usprkos različitoj etiologiji, obje bolesti imaju vrlo sličnu epizootiologiju i obje se očituju tvorbom apscesa unutar ili u blizini površinskih limfnih čvorova. Podatci o pojavi Morelove bolesti u Hrvatskoj vrlo su oskudni. Kazeozni limfadenitis javlja se češće i o toj bolesti postoji više pisanih podataka. Stoga su, osobito u slučajevima kada se ne provodi mikrobiološka pretraga, pogrešne dijagnoze vjerojatno vrlo česte na štetu Morelove bolesti. U ovom radu usporedili smo epizootiološke i kliničke nalaze obiju bolesti u dva prirodno zaražena stada koza. Sve životinje klinički su pretražene inspekcijom i palpacijom, te su zabilježeni podatci o lokalizaciji, broju i veličini apscesa. Usporedbom dobivenih podataka utvrdili smo da je učestalost obiju bolesti u ranom stadiju epizootije jednaka u mladih i odraslih koza. Osnovna razlika između kazeoznog limfadenitisa i Morelove bolesti utvrđena je u kliničkoj slici odnosno broju apscesa po životinji i njihovoj prosječnoj veličini. U stadu u kojem je utvrđen kazeozni limfadenitis utvrđen je manji broj apscesa po životinji kao i manja veličina apscesa. Usprkos utvrđenim razlikama između opisanih bolesti smatramo da na temelju epizootioloških podataka i kliničke pretrage nije moguće objektivno dijagnosticirati bolest već je za njihovo razlikovanje potrebno izdvojiti i identificirati uzročnika