Investigation of changes in conductivity of juice during the evaporation process

The creation of this article was the necessity of experimental determination of the electric conductivity of juice depending on the concentration of solids, expressed by the empirical formula, in order to more precisely control specific power supplied to the machine and foaming. Authors of the article held staged experimental studies using apple juice, the juice of red mountain ash, buckthorn and black currant. Found that the relationship between the conductivity of the juice solids content corresponds to the empirical formula of Kohlrausch, however, this formula does not represent the contribution juice acidity value of conductivity, and allows to correlate the specific power input to the device with the concentration of solids. The empirical formulas for the distribution of electrical juice conductivity depending on the acidity and for calculation of the specific power depending on the concentration of dry matter, allows to keep the speed of the foam below its destruction speed in the zone of vigorous reflux

Thermophysical properties of granules of instant drinks in the process of structuring

In this article the research of the thermophysical properties of the material depending on its moisture content been represented. The interrelation of various physical properties with the content of moisture in the mass were detected. In addition, their dependence on the quantitative ratio and the properties of structural carcass and pore spaces were proved. The need to consider the volume phase composition of the mixture was justified. A formula to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficient of the product molded from disperse materials was obtained on the basis of Lykov criterion defining the property of drying material and volume phase concentrations. It is proved that the use of volume phase characteristics of disperse systems opens new possibilities for improving the methodologies for determining the those thermophysical properties of dry and wet dispersion materials, allows increasing the reliability results of these definitions, revealing the mechanism of anomalous heat conductivity of wet material

Reception of two and three-phase combined dispersive systems with the use of centrifugal mixer

The article presents the theory of the formation of disperse combined systems, the greatest attention is paid to the three-phase system consisting of fine particles, gas and liquid. The authors suggest the equation describing the impact of different energies on combined particulate system. Possible conversion processes of surface energy into thermal, mechanical and chemical energy were shown. Also presents the results obtained by various dispersed systems with liquid additives and without them on the continuos mixer of centrifugal type. The study of using of volumetric ratio phases revealed major technological methods that enable to purposefully influence the ratio of different phases in order to obtain materials with the desired properties. The addition of a small amount of a liquid mixture of 4% with a viscosity of 50 Pa sec reduces the coefficient of inhomogeneity and to reduce the segregation of the mixture obtained in the dusty area and, consequently, to increase the quality of the final product (uniformity of a three-phase system)

Harnessing the capabilities of spray granulation in the food industry for the production of functional foods

The article is the literature review of a current state of production technologies of powdery foodstuff, concentrates and multicomponent mixes. The need of the food industry for qualitative methods of processing of raw materials of different physical and chemical structure is noted. The authors give the reasons about need and possibility of a choice of granulation as a method of data processing of products. Physical and chemical features of granulation methods of disperse environments of various aggregate states based on the studied regularities and works of other authors are considered. The authors made the assumption of the application prospects of the method of liquid dispersion on the surface of particles in a suspended state for a granulation of foodstuff and they offered the alternative option. The possibility to use whey as binding element is considered. At the end of article authors draw the conclusion about the prospects of use of a method of dispersion of liquid on the surface of particles in a suspended state for a granulation of foodstuff

Design of Drum Type Apparatus for Processing of Bulk Materials

The article presents the development and research of drum continuous mixers, most attention is paid to the results of theoretical (using of cybernetic approach) and experimental studies of longitudinal mixing particulate material in rotating drums of continuous action, the influence of internal recycles of material flows, intensifying the process of smoothing the input fluctuations. The authors analyzed the influence of internal recycles material flows, intensifying the process of smoothing the input fluctuations. The results presented in this paper were obtained by the experiments on the smoothing ability determination during which they change the frequency of the drum rotation, the location of the Г-shaped mixer blades on the drum mixer. The article reported that the studies were conducted on three mixtures which components have different physical and mechanical systems with various dispersed liquid additives and without it

Measurement of forward W→eνW\to e\nu production in pppp collisions at s=8 \sqrt{s}=8\,TeV

A measurement of the cross-section for $W \to e\nu$ production in $pp$ collisions is presented using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $2\,$fb$^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=8\,$TeV. The electrons are required to have more than $20\,$GeV of transverse momentum and to lie between 2.00 and 4.25 in pseudorapidity. The inclusive $W$ production cross-sections, where the $W$ decays to $e\nu$, are measured to be \begin{align*} \begin{split} \sigma_{W^{+} \to e^{+}\nu_{e}}&=1124.4\pm 2.1\pm 21.5\pm 11.2\pm 13.0\,\mathrm{pb},\\ \sigma_{W^{-} \to e^{-}\bar{\nu}_{e}}&=\,\,\,809.0\pm 1.9\pm 18.1\pm\,\,\,7.0\pm \phantom{0}9.4\,\mathrm{pb}, \end{split} \end{align*} where the first uncertainties are statistical, the second are systematic, the third are due to the knowledge of the LHC beam energy and the fourth are due to the luminosity determination. Differential cross-sections as a function of the electron pseudorapidity are measured. The $W^{+}/W^{-}$ cross-section ratio and production charge asymmetry are also reported. Results are compared with theoretical predictions at next-to-next-to-leading order in perturbative quantum chromodynamics. Finally, in a precise test of lepton universality, the ratio of $W$ boson branching fractions is determined to be \begin{align*} \begin{split} \mathcal{B}(W \to e\nu)/\mathcal{B}(W \to \mu\nu)=1.020\pm 0.002\pm 0.019, \end{split} \end{align*} where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic.A measurement of the cross-section for $W \to e\nu$ production in $pp$ collisions is presented using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $2\,$fb$^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=8\,$TeV. The electrons are required to have more than $20\,$GeV of transverse momentum and to lie between 2.00 and 4.25 in pseudorapidity. The inclusive $W$ production cross-sections, where the $W$ decays to $e\nu$, are measured to be \begin{equation*} \sigma_{W^{+} \to e^{+}\nu_{e}}=1124.4\pm 2.1\pm 21.5\pm 11.2\pm 13.0\,\mathrm{pb}, \end{equation*} \begin{equation*} \sigma_{W^{-} \to e^{-}\bar{\nu}_{e}}=\,\,\,809.0\pm 1.9\pm 18.1\pm\,\,\,7.0\pm \phantom{0}9.4\,\mathrm{pb}, \end{equation*} where the first uncertainties are statistical, the second are systematic, the third are due to the knowledge of the LHC beam energy and the fourth are due to the luminosity determination. Differential cross-sections as a function of the electron pseudorapidity are measured. The $W^{+}/W^{-}$ cross-section ratio and production charge asymmetry are also reported. Results are compared with theoretical predictions at next-to-next-to-leading order in perturbative quantum chromodynamics. Finally, in a precise test of lepton universality, the ratio of $W$ boson branching fractions is determined to be \begin{equation*} \mathcal{B}(W \to e\nu)/\mathcal{B}(W \to \mu\nu)=1.020\pm 0.002\pm 0.019, \end{equation*} where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic.A measurement of the cross-section for W → eν production in pp collisions is presented using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2 fb$^{−1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV. The electrons are required to have more than 20 GeV of transverse momentum and to lie between 2.00 and 4.25 in pseudorapidity. The inclusive W production cross-sections, where the W decays to eν, are measured to be ${\sigma}_{W^{+}\to {e}^{+}{\nu}_e}=1124.4\pm 2.1\pm 21.5\pm 11.2\pm 13.0\kern0.5em \mathrm{p}\mathrm{b},$ ${\sigma}_{W^{-}\to {e}^{-}{\overline{\nu}}_e}=809.0\pm 1.9\pm 18.1\pm \kern0.5em 7.0\pm \kern0.5em 9.4\,\mathrm{p}\mathrm{b},$ where the first uncertainties are statistical, the second are systematic, the third are due to the knowledge of the LHC beam energy and the fourth are due to the luminosity determination

Redevelopment as a means of urban land use planning ecologization

The relevance of the work is determined by spread of urban density residential of public and business destination in central parts of Russian cities if there are areas which are occupied by inactive industrial facilities. Intensification of urban development activities in Tomsk entailed the need to change the general plan of the urban area and the road network plan and the prospect of creating Tomsk agglomeration require ecologization approaches to land development. The objectives of the work are to identify and to analyze the spatial planning ecologization problems in Tomsk and to propose a hypothesis on the effectiveness of redevelopment projects. Research methods: comparative analysis, historical and logical analysis, and other analytical methods. The results: The authors have identified the problems of urban space ecologization in terms of land and property complexes management as well as the problems of development and normative legal regulation of the redevelopment institute. The paper introduces the term «redevelopment» in terms of urban areas zoning. The main areas of Tomsk occupied by valid and invalid industrial facilities were identified. The authors proposed methodological approaches to evaluate the effectiveness of redevelopment projects. The conclusion was made on the prospects of using redevelopment projects as an effective method of urban area ecologizatio

Opportunities of ground penetrating radar at searching supporting walls and enclosing constructions

Relevance of the research is caused by the necessity to solve engineering geological tasks in non-destructive investigation of solidity and technical conditions of supporting walls, erected in potentially landslide dangerous areas, by express geophysical methods. The aim of the research is to estimate the informational content of the ground penetrating radar method in engineering and construction area at survey of vertical supporting wall with following processing of field observations by specialized programmes GEORADAR-ECSPERT and ATRAN. The paper highlights the limited mobility of the ultrasound and acoustic methods in which the intimate contact of transmitting and receiving sensors of seismic wave field with vertical surface of the studied object is required when measuring. This does not technically allow recording field signal in motion. Methods of the study: ground penetrating radar survey of supporting wall by radar OKO with 400 MGz antenna unit by means of moving of the latter along vertical profiles on specially installed rope skis pressing the unit to the wall with help of the wooden pole at registration and control of radargram in online mode. Results. The paper demonstrates the opportunities of the attributive analysis of the ground penetrating radar survey data for studying the conditions of supporting wall on landslide slope of the right bank of the Don river in Rostov-on-Don with detection and contouring by the Q-favtor attribute values the areas with relatively solid and relatively weak masonry and location of metal dowels (steel pipes) into the front and side walls body. The diagrams were interpreted on the base of the diffracted wave pattern studying method and distinctive «ringing» in the shape of re-reflections from dotted objects. Additionally the authors have analysed the reflected signals energy in the program ATRAN. In outcome of the studies the contact of the wall with ground was explored. It can be considered relatively evenly dense. For the side wall the lower part is denser than the upper one, and for the front wall the less dense contact into range of 20-25 m from the left edge of the wall is observed

Study of coal exploration wells using the pulsed-neutron-neutron logging

Актуальность работы определяется необходимостью оптимизации комплекса геофизических исследований углеразведочных скважин посредством импульсного нейтрон-нейтронного каротажа. Постановка проблемы обусловлена современными тенденциями развития угольной отрасли и новыми аппаратурными и техническими разработками в разведочной и промысловой геофизике. Цель: показать возможности и результативность импульсного нейтрон-нейтронного каротажа в углеразведочных скважинах на материалах опытно-экспериментальных работ в Восточном Донбассе. Объект: каротажные диаграммы импульсного нейтрон-нейтронного каротажа, зарегистрированные в углеразведочных скважинах Восточного Донбасса. Методы: анализ каротажных кривых импульсного нейтрон-нейтронного каротажа на предмет результативности использования метода в стандартном комплексе для решения задач, поставленных геологической службой по выделению: 1) целевых объектов, т. е. угольных пластов с определением их положения в разрезе; 2) пород, вмещающих угольные пласты. Результаты. Выполнено обоснование применения импульсного нейтрон-нейтронного каротажа для изучения геологических разрезов угольных скважин. Изучены качественные и количественные характеристики времени жизни тепловых нейтронов в породах угленосной толщи. Показаны возможности метода по оценке марочного состава углей и их зольности. Произведено сопоставление каротажных диаграмм, зарегистрированных на различных временных задержках и с различной скоростью подъёма скважинного прибора, на предмет выбора оптимальных условий геофизических работ этим методом. Установлено, что все литологические разности, включая тонкие угольные пласты, однозначно выделяются методом импульсного нейтрон-нейтронного каротажа. Выполнен анализ разрешающей способности импульсного нейтрон-нейтронного каротажа на фоне каротажных кривых поискового комплекса геофизических исследований скважин, включая методы электрического, радиоактивного, акустического каротажа и кавернометрию. Сделан акцент на положительных сторонах и недостатках метода гамма-гамма каротажа с мягким источником (ГГК-С). Предложено при наличии организационно-технических сложностей заменять исследования ГГК-С импульсным нейтрон-нейтронным каротажем.Relevance of the research is defined by the necessity in optimization of coal exploration well geophysical researches by means of pulsedneutron-neutron logging. Formulation of the problem is conditioned by modern tendencies of coal industry development and new instrumental and technical elaborations at exploration and borehole geophysics. The aim of the research is to show the opportunities and effectiveness of pulsed-neutron-neutron logging at coal exploration wells on materials of experienced-experimental works in Eastern Donbass. Object: logs of pulsed-neutron-neutron logging registered in coal exploration wells of Eastern Donbass. Methods: analysis of pulsed neutron-neutron logging logging curves for the effectiveness of using the method in a standard complex for solving problems posed by the geological service for identifying: 1) targets, i. e. coal seams with the definition of their position in the section; 2) rocks containing coal seams. Outcomes of the research. The application of pulsed-neutron-neutron logging for the study of geological sections of the coal wells was justified. The authors have studied qualitative and quantitative characteristics of thermal neutrons lifetime in rocks of the coal-bearing strata. The paper demonstrates the opportunities of the method by estimation of mark composition of coal and their ash content. The authors carried out the well logging curves matching registered at differ temporary delays and with different velocity of logging zond lifting on subject to choosing optimal conditions of geophysical work by this method. It was established that all the lithological differences including thin coal layer are unambiguously distinguished by the pulsed-neutron-neutron logging method. There authors analyzed the pulsedneutron-neutron logging resolution on the background of well logging curves of geophysical well survey complex including the methods of electrical, radioactive, acoustical well logging and caliper. The accent was made on positive sides and drawbacks of gamma-gamma well logging with soft source. The authors suggested replace GGK-S research by pulsed-neutron-neutron logging logging in the presence of organizational and technical difficulties

Definition and description of the oil and gas reservoir connectivity coefficient

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью количественной оценки связности коллектора геолого-гидродинамических моделей для классификации реализаций при многовариантной оценке неопределенностей и оптимизации выбора метода и параметров моделирования куба песчанистости. Цель: ввести понятие коэффициента связности коллектора, оценить репрезентативность предложенного параметра для моделей залежей различной детальности и геометрии; оценка влияния параметров неоднородности геологических моделей на коэффициент связности. Объекты: геолого-гидродинамические модели залежей нефтегазовых месторождений. Методы: геологическое и гидродинамическое моделирование, статистический анализ результатов геологического и гидродинамического моделирования. Результаты. Кратко рассмотрены существующие методы оценки связности коллектора в геолого-гидродинамических моделях, используемые для оценки ресурсов углеводородного сырья и выбора наиболее эффективных методов их разработки. На основе проведенного авторами анализа был предложен новый подход к определению параметра связанности как отношения перетока жидкости в исследуемой модели к модели с единичной песчанистостью. Рассмотрено влияние геометрии и детальности геолого-гидродинамических моделей на величину коэффициент связности. На примере синтетических стохастических моделей рассмотрены зависимости коэффициента связности от таких параметров, как песчанистость, ранги вариограмм, их анизотропия и эффект самородка. Введено понятие коэффициента гидродинамической связности коллектора, который характеризует способность модели фильтровать флюид, без учета влияния фильтрационно-емкостных характеристик. Этот параметр учитывает только распределение коллектора в объеме залежи и то, как ячейки коллектора расположены друг относительно друга. Предложенный способ расчёта позволяет оценить анизотропию перетоков флюида между ячейками по различным направлениям и оценить способность модели фильтровать этот флюид через себя. Коэффициент связанности, в отличие от перколяционных методов, позволяет получать непрерывную оценку гидродинамической связи между ячейками, не требует обязательного наличия истории работы залежи и не зависит от текущей системы разработки, реализуемой на месторождении.The relevance of the research is caused by the need in quantitative evaluation of reservoir connectivity of models for classifying realizations in multivariant modelling and optimization of selection of methods and parameters for reservoir geomodelling. The main aim of the research is to define connectivity coefficient and estimate its representative validity for different size and geometry models; to evaluate impact of reservoir heterogeneity parameters on connectivity coefficient value. Objects of the research are geological and simulation models of oil and gas reservoirs. Methods of the research are geological modelling and reservoir simulation, statistical analysis of the results of geomodeling and reservoir simulation. Results. The paper briefly describes the existing methods for evaluating the connectivity of oil and gas reservoirs and new approach to connectivity estimation. New connectivity coefficient is defined as a ratio of model liquid rate to unit model liquid rate. Unit model means that net to gross ratio value for all cells is 1 and the model provides maximum possible liquid rate. The paper considers the impact of the model geometry and scale on the connectivity coefficient value. The authors have studied the relation of connectivity coefficient to net to gross ratio, variogram ranges and anisotropy, nugget effect. The connectivity coefficient was stated as a variable, which characterizes the ability of reservoir to pass fluid independent of absolute and relative permeability, porosity, transmissibility etc. The connectivity coefficient as opposed to percolation theory methods can provide continuous evaluation of fluid flow between model cells and does not require valid production history of reservoir