Vesicouterine fistula: a case report

Vesicouterine fistula represents a rare urogenital fistula, accounting for approximately 1-4% of genitourinary fistulas. Iatrogenic reasons have been shown to be most common cause. Surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment. Less than 5% patients respond to conservative management. Authors report a case of successful conservative management of vesicouterine fistula

Insights into salt tolerance of mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss): A metabolomics perspective

Salt stress is one of the key abiotic factor which leads to reduced global agricultural productions through negatively impacting the growth and development of crops. Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), the most important cruciferous crop with significant nutritional and medicinal values, is majorly affected by salt stress. In this study, we explored the global metabolomic response of two Indian mustard genotypes, CS 60 and CS 245–2–80–7 grown under salt stress for different time periods to unleash the role of differentially accumulated metabolites and relevant metabolic pathways involved in the salt tolerance mechanism. A total of 608 known compounds were detected from 4119 metabolites using DionexUltiMate® 3000 Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic System combined with “Q Exactive™ Plus Orbitrap™ Mass Spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis, from which 111 significantly altered metabolites in both genotypes were selected based on t-test and VIP score values. Using MetPa from MetaboAnalyst 5.0 platform, metabolic pathways with significant impact values were considered to be involved in the salt tolerance mechanism. Increased accumulation of metabolites and detected relevant pathways majorly regulating the anti-oxidant defense system gives CS 60, a high yielding variety, an edge against the genotype CS 245–2–80–7, which might be the chief tolerance mechanism to withstand salt stress

KEYWORDS Algae Anti-cancer drugs Therapeutic Applications Algal phytochemicals EFFECTS OF ALGAL COMPOUNDS ON CANCER CELL LINE

ABSTRACT Algae are a large group of simple and autotrophic organisms. These organisms do not have well organized cell characteristics like plants, but they are widely used because of their special biological activities. They are considered one of the richest sources of bio medically useful compounds with a large number of therapeutic applications. One of its applications is found to be in treating cancer. Cancer, being a remarkably fatal disease, needs special attention in treatment, and algae is found potent enough in its treatment. This review generates an idea of some compounds which are found in algae and are capable enough in displaying anti-cancer properties. This review contains the expected and experimentally found mechanisms and mode of action of several compounds like fucoidan, coibamide A, apratoxin A, curacin A, largazole, cryptophycin 1, symplostatin and dolastatin 10 and many more which are isolated from different species of algae and exhibit their potential against cancer. Though, many anticancer drugs are in clinical and pre-clinical trials, the review can help to have an idea for further detailed studies and research on these compounds to get an effective drug against cancer

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Not AvailableThe growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is extremely hampered by salt stress. Understanding of physio- biochemical and molecular attributes along with morphological traits contributing to the salinity tolerance is important for developing salt tolerant chickpea varieties. To explore these facts, two genotypes CSG8962 and HC5 with contrasting salt tolerance were evaluated in the salinity stress (Control and 120 mM NaCl) conditions. CSG8962 maintained lower Na/K ratio in root and shoot, trammelled Na translocation to the shoots from roots compared to HC5 which ascribed to the better exclusion of salt from its roots and compartmentation in the shoot. In chickpea, salt stress specifically induced genes/sequences involved at several levels in the salt stress signaling pathway. Higher induction of trehalose 6 phosphate synthase and protein kinase genes pertaining to the osmotic and signaling modules, respectively, were evident in CSG8962 compared to HC5. Further transcripts of late embryogenesis abundant, non-specific lipid transfer protein, HI and 219 genes/sequences were also highly induced in CSG8962 compared to HC5 which emphasizes the better protection of cellular membranous network and membrane-bound macromolecules under salt stress. This further suppressed the stress enhanced electrolyte leakage, loss of turgidity, promoted the higher compatible solute accumulation and maintained better cellular ion homoeostasis in CSG8962 compared to HC5. Our study further adds to the importance of these genes in salt tolerance by comparing their behavior in contrasting chickpea genotypes.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is extremely hampered by salt stress. Understanding of physio- biochemical and molecular attributes along with morphological traits contributing to the salinity tolerance is important for developing salt tolerant chickpea varieties. To explore these facts, two genotypes CSG8962 and HC5 with contrasting, salt tolerance was evaluated in the salinity stress (Control and 120 mM NaCl) conditions. CSG8962 maintained lower Na/K ratio in root and shoot, trammeled Na translocation to the shoots from roots compared to HC5 which ascribed to better exclusion of salt from its roots and compartmentation in the shoot. In chickpea, salt stress specifically induced genes/sequences involved at several levels in the salt stress signaling pathway. Higher induction of trehalose 6 phosphate synthase and protein kinase genes pertaining to the osmotic and signaling modules, respectively, were evident in CSG8962 compared to HC5. Further transcripts of late embryogenesis abundant, non-specific lipid transfer protein, HI and 219 genes/sequences were also highly induced in CSG8962 compared to HC5 which emphasizes the better protection of cellular membranous network and membrane-bound macromolecules under salt stress. This further suppressed the stress enhanced electrolyte leakage, loss of turgidity, promoted the higher compatible solute accumulation and maintained better cellular ion homoeostasis in CSG8962 compared to HC5. Our study further adds to the importance of these genes in salt tolerance by comparing their behavior in contrasting chickpea genotypes.Not Availabl

Breeding Mustard (<em>Brassica juncea</em>) for Salt Tolerance: Problems and Prospects

Salt stress is currently one of the most critical factors, reducing agricultural production. Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) is a major oilseed crop in these areas. However, salt affects as much as 50–90% worldwide yield reduction. Salt tolerance is a very complex factor controlled by a number of independent and/or interdependent mechanisms and genetic modification that lead to many changes in physiology and biochemistry at the cellular level. The classical methods of plant breeding for salt tolerance involves the widespread use of inter and intraspecific variations in the available germplasm which is essential for any crop development program. This large germplasm is then tested under various salt levels in microplots, which is a quick, reliable, reproducible and inexpensive method of salt tolerance. Genotypes that have shown better indications of stress tolerance without significant yield reduction are considered to be tolerant and are also used as potential donor in the breeding programs. In this way, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (ICAR-CSSRI), Karnal developed and produced five varieties of Indian mustard that tolerate high salt namely, CS 52, CS 54, CS 56, CS 58 and CS 60 in the country, and many other high-quality pipeline lines exploration and development. These salt-tolerant species work better under conditions of salt stress due to various manipulations (physiology, genes and molecular level) to fight salt stress has led to detrimental effects. Recent molecular tools to add classical breeding systems to improve saline-tolerant mustard varieties in a short span of time, including the Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) and backcrossing, that have helped using simple sequence repeats (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control the polygenic traits like tolerance of salt and seed yield

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Not AvailableThe growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is extremely hampered by salt stress. Understanding of physio- biochemical and molecular attributes along with morphological traits contributing to the salinity tolerance is important for developing salt tolerant chickpea varieties. To explore these facts, two genotypes CSG8962 and HC5 with contrasting salt tolerance were evaluated in the salinity stress (Control and 120 mM NaCl) conditions. CSG8962 maintained lower Na/K ratio in root and shoot, trammeled Na translocation to the shoots from roots compared to HC5 which ascribed to better exclusion of salt from its roots and compartmentation in the shoot. In chickpea, salt stress specifically induced genes/sequences involved at several levels in the salt stress signaling pathway. Higher induction of trehalose 6 phosphate synthase and protein kinase genes pertaining to the osmotic and signaling modules, respectively, were evident in CSG8962 compared to HC5. Further transcripts of late embryogenesis abundant, non-specific lipid transfer protein, HI and 219 genes/sequences were also highly induced in CSG8962 compared to HC5 which emphasizes the better protection of cellular membranous network and membrane-bound macromolecules under salt stress. This further suppressed the stress enhanced electrolyte leakage, loss of turgidity, promoted the higher compatible solute accumulation and maintained better cellular ion homoeostasis in CSG8962 compared to HC5. Our study further adds to the importance of these genes in salt tolerance by comparing their behavior in contrasting chickpea genotypes.Not Availabl

PROSOPIS JULIFLORA:A TREE FOR REHABILITATING SALT AFFECTED SOILS

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Not AvailableThe research was conducted to explore and predict model of the mechanism of salt tolerance in mustard (Brassica juncea) using four genotypes CS 54 (salt tolerant variety), CS 52-SPS-1-2012 (salt tolerant mutant), CS 614-4-1-4-100-13 (salt sensitive mutant) and Pusa bold (salt sensitive variety) under saline irrigation water (ECiw 12, and 15 dS m-1). Genotype CS 52-SPS-1-2012 followed by CS 54 performed better under imposed salt stress due to differentially regulation of Na+ accumulation in the roots and main stem, restriction of Na+ influx from root to shoot, maintaining higher net photosynthetic traits under saline stress compared to CS 614-4-1-4-100-13 and Pusa bold. Further, expression profiling of salt responsive antiporters (SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, ENH1 and NHX1) and antioxidant (APX1, APX4, DHAR3 and MDHAR6) genes elucidated their involvement in different components of salt tolerance mechanism including; ion efflux from root to soil, ion accumulation in vacuoles, retrieval of ions from xylem and increased tissue tolerance to high concentrations of toxic ions and accumulation of compatible solutes and significant role for imparting salt tolerance in Indian mustard. Predicted model based on these results, suggested the tree-fold effect of salt stress on mustard plants its counteract on these toxic paths for salt tolerance.Not Availabl

Prosopis juliflora and Vachellia nilotica: Boon for Salt-affected Land and Livelihood Security-A Review

Not AvailableTree species Prosopis juliflora and Vachellia nilotica are nitrogen fixers besides important source of biomass production on degraded salt-affected lands. These are remarkably well adapted to the saline areas through natural selection and traditional breeding. These trees are playing a vital role as a source of fuel, small timber, wood and fodder (dry season) for sustaining the livelihoods of the arid and semi-arid area. Thus, genetic improvement of these trees can be potential alternative for restoring soil health for salt- affected soils for further yield improvement by using conventional and modern approaches.Not Availabl