A Study on Occupational Aspiration Skill and Personality Traits of Institutionalized Adolescent Orphans in Kerala as Related to their Realistic and Idealistic Mode of Evaluation

The present trend suggests that students are pressurized by the society to select an occupation of their choice that can fetch easy money. That is why there is a heavy rush towards medicine, nursing, para-medical and engineering streams. This often negates the potential of each student and suppresses his or her innate caliber that negatively affects the prospects of the individual and society. The choice of occupation is one of the very important decisions a person makes in life. Psychologically each student has her/his own interests, aptitudes, attitudes, aspirations etc. It is a fact that parents, relatives, teachers, friends, media and society can influence the students in the modification of interests, aptitudes, attitudes, aspirations etc. If a person gets her/his education on their preferred vocation, he/she can get job satisfaction from the vocation and the individual shall be well placed. Aspirations add to the efficiency of the person by bringing out the best in him on the job

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field