Design and Development of SPM for Face Milling & Two Hole Boring of a CR-22 Block

Abstract: Special purpose machine are widely used for special kind of operations, which are not economical on conventional machines. It is design for getting higher accuracy at desired condition. Face milling in industrial component is followed by a milling process. In the initial core bore is develop on the component with the help of required tool material. A Special Purpose Machine introduced here can be operated manually or automatically, as per the condition or a mechatronic based system can be developed that will work with different speed. A SPM can be developing with two separate units which perform milling & boring operation sequentially. SPM introduced here is automatically start operation by sensing work piece on table; it helps in start & end of cycle. Milling Machine performs first milling operation of face of 105 x 135mm size and then boring machine for ø41.30H 7 × 20mm deep cylinder block. In this the job is machined on two machines and two fixtures are used and operation is performed, hence it takes 10 min. to completion of one job. In this method Bore to face perpendicularity not maintained, so accuracy is low. The production rate is very low due to time required for two times loading and unloading of job, operational accuracy required. The manpower is required is more & skilled. In order to successfully come up with these problems, company decided to develop Special Purpose Machine. It will save production time and increase the production rate

Genetic diversity and antibiogram profile of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from human, animal, foods and associated environmental sources

Introduction: Infectious diarrhoea particularly due to pathogenic bacteria is a major health problem in developing countries, including India. Despite significant reports of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes around the globe, studies which address genetic relatedness, antibiogram profile and their correlation with respect to their isolation from different sources are sparse. The present study determines isolation and identification of DEC pathotypes from different sources, their genetic characterisation, antibiogram profile and their correlation if any. Materials and methods: A total of 336 samples comprising diarrhoeic stool samples from infants (n=103), young animal (n=106), foods (n=68) and associated environmental sources (n=59) were collected from Bareilly region of India. All the samples were screened by using standard microbiological methods for the detection of E. coli. The identified E. coli were then confirmed as DEC pathotypes using polymerase chain reaction–based assays. Those DEC pathotypes identified as Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) were further confirmed using HEp-2 adherence assay. All the isolated DEC pathotypes were studied for their genetic diversity using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by using disc diffusion method as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results and discussion: Of the four DEC pathotypes investigated, EAEC was found to be the predominant pathogen with an isolation rate of 16.5% from infants, 17.9% from young animals, 16.2% from foods and 3.4% from the associated environmental sources. These EAEC isolates, on further characterisation, revealed predominance of ‘atypical’ EAEC, with an isolation rate of 10.7% from infants, 15.1% from young animals, 16.2% from foods, and 3.4% from the associated environmental sources. On PFGE analysis, discrimination was evident within DEC pathotypes as 52 unique pulsotypes were observed for 59 recovered DEC pathotypes. However, a few EAEC isolates were found to be clonal (clusters A, B, C, D, F, G, and H) irrespective of their source of isolation, suggests sharing and/or circulation among different sources. Further, a high antibiotic resistance pattern was observed among isolated DEC pathotypes as almost 86.4% of isolates were found to be resistant against ≥3 tested drugs