Fortalecer el Parlamento

El Parlamento no está bien evaluado por la ciudadanía. Tanto el Senado como la Cámara de Diputados no gozan de aprobación general, pese a la importante labor que realizan. Se aprecia más al parlamentario que se contribuyó a elegir y al cual se tiene acceso, que a la institución: es el llamado efecto Fenno, fenómeno que toma el nombre del profesor norteamericano que en la década del 70 analizó este fenómeno en el Congreso de los EE.UU. Así lo confirma la última Encuesta Nacional Bicentenario realizada por UC y Adimark

‘Buscamos una voz que nos reciba’. Narrativa chilena reciente: lecturas cómplices

This research explores certain suggested ways of reading recent Chilean narratives, focusing particularly on a corpus of works by four authors: Alvaro Bisama, Alejandra Costamagna, María José Viera-Gallo and Alejandro Zambra. It is proposed that from reception it is possible to specify certain ways of reading that manifest themselves in the degree of complicity achieved between the reader and the works, where this is defined by the reader’s cooperation or participation in the act of reading. The reader is drawn into the work by following the signs given in it, shifting from a critical to emotional reading by updating the stories through a close link between writer, the work and the reader. Thus the works are always read in a complicit way, but from different viewpoints and on different levels. Taking these nuances into account we aim to revise three ways of complicit reading: a) through appropriation of the past, b) politically and c) dynamically.<br><br>Esta investigación centra su estudio en algunas propuestas de lectura para la narrativa chilena reciente, especialmente un corpus compuesto por un conjunto de obras de cuatro autores: Álvaro Bisama, Alejandra Costamagna, María José Viera-Gallo y Alejandro Zambra. Se propone que desde la recepción es posible precisar algunas formas de lectura que se concretan pensando en el grado de complicidad que logra el lector con estas obras, determinada por su relación de colaboración o participación en el acto de leer. El lector se acercará más o menos a la obra siguiendo las señas propuestas en ella, así las formas de leer irán desde lo crítico hasta lo afectivo, actualizando los relatos a partir de un estrecho vínculo entre escritor, obra y lector. De esta forma la lectura siempre será cómplice, pero desde diferentes aspectos y en distintos grados. Teniendo en cuenta estos matices revisaremos tres formas de lectura cómplice: a) de apropiación del pasado, b) política y c) dinámica

Impact of primary kidney disease on the effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease: secondary analyses of the EMPA-KIDNEY trial

Background: The EMPA KIDNEY trial showed that empagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary composite outcome of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease mainly through slowing progression. We aimed to assess how effects of empagliflozin might differ by primary kidney disease across its broad population. Methods: EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA). Patients were eligible if their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher at screening. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily or matching placebo. Effects on kidney disease progression (defined as a sustained ≥40% eGFR decline from randomisation, end-stage kidney disease, a sustained eGFR below 10 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or death from kidney failure) were assessed using prespecified Cox models, and eGFR slope analyses used shared parameter models. Subgroup comparisons were performed by including relevant interaction terms in models. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110. Findings: Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5–2·4). Prespecified subgroupings by primary kidney disease included 2057 (31·1%) participants with diabetic kidney disease, 1669 (25·3%) with glomerular disease, 1445 (21·9%) with hypertensive or renovascular disease, and 1438 (21·8%) with other or unknown causes. Kidney disease progression occurred in 384 (11·6%) of 3304 patients in the empagliflozin group and 504 (15·2%) of 3305 patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·71 [95% CI 0·62–0·81]), with no evidence that the relative effect size varied significantly by primary kidney disease (pheterogeneity=0·62). The between-group difference in chronic eGFR slopes (ie, from 2 months to final follow-up) was 1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (95% CI 1·16–1·59), representing a 50% (42–58) reduction in the rate of chronic eGFR decline. This relative effect of empagliflozin on chronic eGFR slope was similar in analyses by different primary kidney diseases, including in explorations by type of glomerular disease and diabetes (p values for heterogeneity all &gt;0·1). Interpretation: In a broad range of patients with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression, including a wide range of non-diabetic causes of chronic kidney disease, empagliflozin reduced risk of kidney disease progression. Relative effect sizes were broadly similar irrespective of the cause of primary kidney disease, suggesting that SGLT2 inhibitors should be part of a standard of care to minimise risk of kidney failure in chronic kidney disease. Funding: Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and UK Medical Research Council

Gobierno y oposición en el Congreso Nacional

destaca la relevancia del Parlamento en un régimen político democrático, con especial referencia a su función deliberativa y a la importancia de las alianzas mayoritarias para asegurar la gobernabilidad, señalando, a su vez, los rasgos característicos actuales del Parlamento en Chile, la imprescindible función de la oposición parlamentaria y los criterios de valoración de la labor del Parlamento

Gobierno y oposición en el Congreso Nacional

It highlights the importance of Parliament in a democratic political regime, with special reference to its deliberative function and the importance of majority alliances to ensure governability, pointing out, in turn, the current characteristic features of Parliament in Chile, the essential function of the parliamentary opposition and the criteria for assessing the work of Parliament.Destaca la relevancia del Parlamento en un régimen político democrático, con especial referencia a su función deliberativa y a la importancia de las alianzas mayoritarias para asegurar la gobernabilidad, señalando, a su vez, los rasgos característicos actuales del Parlamento en Chile, la imprescindible función de la oposición parlamentaria y los criterios de valoración de la labor del Parlamento