Políticas de información, bibliotecas universitarias y desarrollo: reflexiones desde la cooperación universitaria

Reflexión sobre la interacción entre políticas nacionales de información y proyectos de cooperación al desarrollo en el campo de las bibliotecas universitarias y de investigación. Se analiza la evolución del concepto políticas de información, su relación con la cooperación al desarrollo, y el papel central que durante casi setenta años ha tenido en la Unesco en dicha dinámica. Finalmente se reflexiona sobre escenarios de cooperación en los que los profesionales de las bibliotecas universitarias y de investigación de países en desarrollo podrían desarrollar proyectos alineados con las políticas nacionales de información

PI3Kγ inhibition circumvents inflammation and vascular leak in SARS-CoV-2 and other infections

Virulent infectious agents such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) induce tissue damage that recruits neutrophils, monocyte, and macrophages, leading to T cell exhaustion, fibrosis, vascular leak, epithelial cell depletion, and fatal organ damage. Neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages recruited to pathogen-infected lungs, including SARS-CoV-2-infected lungs, express phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ), a signaling protein that coordinates both granulocyte and monocyte trafficking to diseased tissues and immune-suppressive, profibrotic transcription in myeloid cells. PI3Kγ deletion and inhibition with the clinical PI3Kγ inhibitor eganelisib promoted survival in models of infectious diseases, including SARS-CoV-2 and MRSA, by suppressing inflammation, vascular leak, organ damage, and cytokine storm. These results demonstrate essential roles for PI3Kγ in inflammatory lung disease and support the potential use of PI3Kγ inhibitors to suppress inflammation in severe infectious diseases

Higher predation risk for insect prey at low latitudes and elevations

Biotic interactions underlie ecosystem structure and function, but predicting interaction outcomes is difficult. We tested the hypothesis that biotic interaction strength increases toward the equator, using a global experiment with model caterpillars to measure predation risk. Across an 11,660-kilometer latitudinal gradient spanning six continents, we found increasing predation toward the equator, with a parallel pattern of increasing predation toward lower elevations. Patterns across both latitude and elevation were driven by arthropod predators, with no systematic trend in attack rates by birds or mammals. These matching gradients at global and regional scales suggest consistent drivers of biotic interaction strength, a finding that needs to be integrated into general theories of herbivory, community organization, and life-history evolution

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Johannesburg--I. Methodological issues in a developing country context

Incidence studies in the developing countries present epidemiologists with unique methodological challenges for which novel solutions must be found. These challenges arise from archival inadequacies, hospital overcrowding, high violence rates, and limited research funding that necessitates low cost epidemiology. This paper describes the methods devised in Johannesburg, South Africa, in order to develop incidence estimates of determinable reliability of the morbidity and mortality arising from traumatic brain injury, and its etiology. Results are reported in Part II of the paper (p. 289).epidemiology methodology traumatic brain injury sampling Johannesburg developing country

Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Johannesburg--II. Morbidity, mortality and etiology

Using the method described in Part I (p. 283), data on the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Johannesburg are presented. The overall annual incidence of TBI is 316 per 100,000. Data for Africans and Whites show marked contrasts. Among Africans, incidence is 355/100,000, with a male-female ratio of 4.4, and 763/100.000 for males aged 25-44; for Whites, it is 109/100,000 overall, with a male-female ratio of 40.1, and 419/100,000 for men aged 15-24. The overall incidence of fatal TBI is 80/100,000, with a case fatality ratio of 0.20. Interpersonal violence accounts for 51% of nonfatal TBI among Africans, as against 10% for Whites, while motor vehicle accidents cause 27% of African nonfatal TBI and 63% among Whites. Some explanatory hypotheses for this race- and sex-specific skewing of the incidence and causes of TBI are developed.epidemiology traumatic brain injury morbidity mortality etiology Johannesburg

UADY bird survey data

Total abundance counts from bird surveys at UADY tree diversity experiment in Yucatan, Mexico. Birds were surveyed across 32 plots containing either 1 (monoculture = M) or 4 tree species in equal proportion (polyculture = P). The tree composition within plots were from a pool of 6 species; Swietenia macrophylla (A), Ceiba pentandara (B), Cordia dodecandra (C), Piscidia piscipula (D), Tabebuia rosea (E), and Enterolobium cyclocarpum (F). Each plot was surveyed on four separate days between 0600 and 0930 amid peak bird activity, and not on rainy days. Species in table are a subset of all observed species, that include invertebrates in their diet. Taxonomic names are consistent with the Birdlife world list V3 and correspond to nodes in provided phylogeny and entries in trait table

UADY bird phylogeny

Phylogeny depicting evolutionary relationships of insectivorous birds (44 species) observed at UADY tree diversity experiment. Phylogeny is a 95% CI consensus tree derived from 200 trees (accessed at birdtree.org). Branch lengths are calculated as the mean edge length using the "phytools" package in R. This phylogeny is used to calculate PD of foraging birds

divfx_caterpillar_predation

These data are from a field experiment at the UADY tree diversity experiment in which clay caterpillars were applied to trees to assess predation rates. Predators were identified from bite marks on the clay models as either bird, arthropod, or mammal. Clay caterpillars were exposed to predators for 2 consecutive days in an experiment that occurred twice in July 2015. Caterpillars were assessed for bite marks every 24 hours. Each row of this dataset informs the fate of each individual caterpillar after each 24 hour exposure period. Predator attacks are quantified as absence/presence for each 24-hour period. Data are given on the identity of tree species in which they were placed and whether the surrounding experimental plot was a monoculture (M, 1 tree species) or polyculture (P, 4 tree species)