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    The Immune Profile of the Endometrium in the "Uterine Factor" of Infertility

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    Background: This study aimed to investigate the endometrial characteristics (pathomorphological and immunological) of women with infertility. Methods and Results: Data from an immunohistochemical study of endometrial biopsies (TNF-Ξ±, IL-10, GM-CSF, CXCL16, BCA1, TGF-Ξ²1) collected during the β€œimplantation window” and microbiota studied by real-time polymerase chain reaction in 171 patients (21 women with unexplained infertility, 36 - chronic endometritis, 74 - tubal-peritoneal infertility, 22 - external genital endometriosis, 8 - "thin" endometrium, and 10 healthy fertile women from the comparison group) were analyzed to identify molecular signatures. Chronic endometritis was verified morphologically and immunohistochemically. Each group revealed different immune endometrial phenotypes. The basis of the "normal" phenotype was a controlled immune inflammation and a Lactobacillus-dominant microbiota (LDM) type. In contrast to the comparison group, in the group with the phenotype of chronic inflammation, an excessive immune response (overexpression of TNF-Ξ±, GM-CSF, CXCL16, BCA1, and a decrease in IL-10 and TGF-Ξ²1 in glandular epithelium and stroma) was determined on the background of non-Lactobacillus-dominated microbiota (NLDM) type (63.3%) (P<0.001). The peculiar feature of a dysplastic phenotype was a "poor" immune response, with maximal TGF-Ξ²1 overexpression (P<0.001) and a NLDM type (47.1%). We determined an excessive immune response in the proliferative endometrial phenotype (GM-CSF overexpression by 1.2 times in the glandular epithelium and stroma [P<0.001 in both cases] and a decrease in IL-10 by 1.6 times in the glandular epithelium and 1.2 times in the stroma [P<0.001 in both cases]). Uterine microbiome disorders were detected less frequently than in patients with the inflammation phenotype (31.6%) (P=0.01). In the phenotype with impaired immune status, there was a decrease in GM-CSF, BCA1, CXCL16, TNF-Ξ±, and IL-10 markers in both endometrial compartments (P<0.001) with a LDM type (81.2%). Conclusion. The molecular signatures of the endometrium are due to the heterogeneity of immune factors and microbiota. Aberrant expression of immune factors may contribute to the formation of a microenvironment unfavorable for blastocyst implantation

    Π‘Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Π’ Π² Π°ΠΊΡƒΡˆΠ΅Ρ€ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅: Π½Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹

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    For several decades, among all possible pathogens of neonatal infections, group B streptococcus has been one of the leading positions. Sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia are among the most common clinical manifestations of neonatal infection associated with group B streptococcus. In this review, our goal was to analyze the literature demonstrating a worldwide approach to the prevention of vertical transmission of group B streptococcus from mother to child. When writing the review, scientific publications of foreign and domestic authors from the PubMed database were studied. The review considers the drugs of choice for intranatal antibiotic prophylaxis, and their pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic features. The analysis details the problem of the growth of resistance of group B streptococcus to antibacterial drugs. The antimicrobial activity of lactoferrin was noted at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 500 ΞΌg/ml. The presented review also reflects the protective and therapeutic effects of oral intake of probiotics containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 . Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that penicillin G and ampicillin have the most pronounced bactericidal effect against group B streptococcus. At the same time, the most common side effects of Ξ²-lactam penicillins include an allergic reaction with the possible development of anaphylactic shock. Given this, the antibiotics of the first-line reserve group include cefazolin, clindamycin, and vancomycin. At the same time, it is important to take into account the decrease in the therapeutic concentration of clindamycin with a change in the alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in the blood of the mother and fetus, the nephrotoxic effect of vancomycin and the cross-a llergic reaction of cefazolin with antibiotics of the penicillin group. A promising direction in solving the problem of group B streptococcus is the development of new strategies for the prevention of perinatal infection of the fetus and newborn based on a more detailed study of the effects of lactoferrin and probiotics.На протяТСнии Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… дСсятилСтий срСди всСх Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΉ стрСптококк Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Π’ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρƒ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΉ. БСпсис, ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΈ пнСвмонию относят ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ частым клиничСским проявлСниям Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, ассоциированной стрСптококком Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Π’. Π’ Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ стояла Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒ - провСсти Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… источников, Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… всСмирный ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ трансмиссии стрСптококка Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Π’ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΡƒ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ написании ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ отСчСствСнных Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π±Π°Π·Ρ‹ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… PubMed. Π’ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€Π΅ рассмотрСны ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€Π° для провСдСния ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½Π°Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΡ… фармакодинамичСскиС ΠΈ фармакокинСтичСскиС особСнности. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° роста рСзистСнтности стрСптококка Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Π’ ΠΊ Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ. ΠžΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π° антимикробная Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ„Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² минимальной ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ 500 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/ΠΌΠ». Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² прСдставлСнной Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ тСрапСвтичСскиС эффСкты ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², содСрТащих Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR - 1 ΠΈ Lactobacillus reuteri RC - 14. На основании Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½ G ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ дСйствиС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² стрСптококка Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Π’. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ частым ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ эффСктам Ξ²-Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² относят Π°Π»Π»Π΅Ρ€Π³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡŽ с Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ анафилактичСского шока. Π’Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρƒ этого, ΠΊ Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π·Π΅Ρ€Π²Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ относят: Ρ†Π΅Ρ„Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½, ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π²Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½. ВмСстС с Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ сниТСниС тСрапСвтичСской ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ показатСля Π°Π»ΡŒΡ„Π°-1-кислого Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π°, нСфротоксичСскоС дСйствиС Π²Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ€Π΅ΡΡ‚Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π°Π»Π»Π΅Ρ€Π³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡŽ Ρ†Π΅Ρ„Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° с Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ стрСптококка Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ Π’ являСтся Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… стратСгий ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ инфицирования ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° основС Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ изучСния эффСктов Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ„Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
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