El tratamiento de las rentas mínimas en la Unión Europea

This article analyses the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) through which the European Union provides preferential access to the EU market to developing countries, consisting of a reduction, or even elimination, of the tariff rates applied to products originating in such countries. As a trade instrument by which the European Union grants a privileged tariff treatment to the developing countries, the GSP constitutes a good example of the different dimensions, not exclusively commercial, that locks up the model of trade policy of the European Union

Las actividades de construcción e ingeniería civil en Europa

Producción Científic

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

El tratamiento de las rentas mínimas en la Unión Europea

This article analyses the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) through which the European Union provides preferential access to the EU market to developing countries, consisting of a reduction, or even elimination, of the tariff rates applied to products originating in such countries. As a trade instrument by which the European Union grants a privileged tariff treatment to the developing countries, the GSP constitutes a good example of the different dimensions, not exclusively commercial, that locks up the model of trade policy of the European Union

Movilidad geográfica de la población española

En este trabajo evaluamos las estadísticas disponibles con el fin de estudiar la simple cuestión, pero de controvertida respuesta, sobre cómo ha evolucionado la movilidad espacial de la población española durante las tres últimas décadas. En primer lugar, estudiamos las cifras censales. En segundo lugar, comparamos las cifras de la estadística de variaciones residenciales con las de la encuesta de migraciones. En tercer lugar, corregimos la serie de variaciones residenciales para ajustarla a las cifras censales y padronales. Y, finalmente, concluimos el trabajo con un breve resumen de los resultados obtenidos

Normas de desigualdad y modelización

En este artículo integramos algunos de los desarrollos recientes en los campos de la medición de la desigualdad y la Contabilidad Nacional. Primero empleamos una Matriz de Contabilidad Social de España (MCS) para mostrar los límites de los multiplicadores jacobianos a la hora de ordenar las políticas económicas por sus efectos sobre la desigualdad. Posteriormente, introducimos el concepto de norma de desigualdad y proponemos el cálculo de normas frontera con el fin de que los electores puedan elegir consistentemente según sus propios valores