The NASA/National Space Science Data Center trapped radiation environment model program, 1964 - 1991

The major effort that NASA, initially with the help of the United States Air Force (USAF), carried out for 27 years to synthesize the experimental and theoretical results of space research related to energetic charged particles into a quantitative description of the terrestrial trapped radiation environment in the form of model environments is detailed. The effort is called the Trapped Radiation Environment Modeling Program (TREMP). In chapter 2 the historical background leading to the establishment of this program is given. Also, the purpose of this modeling program as established by the founders of the program is discussed. This is followed in chapter 3 by the philosophy and approach that was applied in this program throughout its lifetime. As will be seen, this philosophy led to the continuation of the program long after it would have expired. The highlights of the accomplishments are presented in chapter 4. A view to future possible efforts in this arena is given in chapter 5, mainly to pass on to future workers the differences that are perceived from these many years of experience. Chapter 6 is an appendix that details the chronology of the development of TREMP. Finally, the references, which document the work accomplished over these years, are presented in chapter 7

Flow and use of information at the National Space Science Data Center

Information flow and dissemination at space science data cente

The use of the inner zone electron model AE-5 and associated computer programs

A users guide to the inner radiation zone electron model AE-5 is introduced. The guide covers a description of the model, the forms in which it is available, directions on how to use the model, and a discussion of its limitations. Computer programs MODEL and ORP are described. These are major programs needed to use the electron models AE-4 and AE-5 and the smoothed proton models

The inner zone electron model AE-5

A description is given of the work performed in the development of the inner radiation zone electron model, AE-5. A complete description of the omnidirectional flux model is given for energy thresholds E sub T in the range 4.0 E sub T/(MeV) 0.04 and for L values in the range 2.8 L 1.2 for an epoch of October 1967. Confidence codes for certain regions of B-L space and certain energies are given based on data coverage and the assumptions made in the analysis. The electron model programs that can be supplied to a user are referred to. One of these, a program for accessing the model flux at arbitrary points in B-L space and arbitrary energies, includes the latest outer zone electron model and proton model. The model AE-5, is based on data from five satellites, OGO 1, OGO 3, 1963-38C, OV3-3, and Explorer 26, spanning the period December 1964 to December 1967

A model environment for outer zone electrons

A brief morphology of outer zone electrons is given to illustrate the nature of the phenomena that we are attempting to model. This is followed by a discussion of the data processing that was done with the various data received from the experimenters before incorporating it into the data base from which this model was ultimately derived. The details of the derivation are given, and several comparisons of the final model with the various experimental measurements are presented

Report on active and planned spacecraft and experiments

Information is presented, concerning active and planned spacecraft and experiments known to the National Space Science Data Center. The information included a wide range of disciplines: astronomy, earth sciences, meteorology, planetary sciences, aeronomy, particles and fields, solar physics, life sciences, and material sciences. These spacecraft projects represented the efforts and funding of individual countries as well as cooperative arrangements among different countries

Local Embeddedness Matters: A Study of Hip-Hop Artists\u27 Interaction With Their Local Community

This dissertation study is an exploration of hip hop and rap artists’ embeddedness in local communities, and their interpretation of the connectedness between their work and their communities. I explore the influence of place and space in the identity development of artists, and how artist use those identities to guide their interactions with their local community. I also investigate the significance of artists’ interactions and relationship in the cultivation of social and cultural capital. In contrast to previous scholarship emphasising the negative influence rap and hip-hop artists have on their communities, I utilize in-depth interviews with artists to examine the ways in which they use hip-hop music in pursuit of social change and community engagement. I intend this project to contribute to knowledges of the multidimensionality of resident’s experiences with community engagement utilizing the context of hip-hop music as articulated through the voice of hip-hop artists

Monocyte depletion prior to intracerebral hemorrhage worsens cognitive and motor outcome

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston UniversityA number of studies have cited immune cell infiltration as a mechanism for secondary injury following intracerebral hemorrhage. However, the role of monocytes remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that monocytes are a beneficial cell type that help remove extravasated blood and other pathogenic substances that enter brain parenchymal tissue during a hemorrhagic stroke. Using macrophage Fas-induced apoptosis (MAFIA) mice, this study documents a time course of monocyte infiltration into brain tissue. We then systemically knocked down monocytes prior to initiating an intracerebral hemorrhage, and studied the motor and cognitive outcomes relative to a vehicle treated group. The genetic alteration present in MAFIA mice causes the co-expression of green fluorescent protein and a suicide protein, exclusively in monocytes and dendritic cells. We established a time course of monocyte infiltration by counting cells expressing green fluorescent protein in brain parenchymal tissue at four time points after initiating a severe collagenase-induced hemorrhage. We found that at the 48-hour time point there was a significant increase of immune cells infiltrating the core of the lesion relative to that observed at 6 hours and 24 hours, and non-significant decline at the 7-day time point. Furthermore, the administration of AP20187 to MAFIA mice causes the dimerization of the suicide proteins, which initiates Fas-induced apoptosis selectively in cells expressing the suicide protein. By administering10uL of AP20187 per animal for four consecutive days, we were able to knockdown monocytes both systemically and in brain parenchymal tissue following hemorrhage. To investigate the role of monocytes following intracerebral hemorrhage, we compared a monocyte-depleted group of MAFIA mice to a vehicle-treated group. Both groups underwent a collagenase-induced hemorrhage, and then were subjected to wire grip testing and Morris Water Maze. The group of monocyte-depleted MAFIA mice performed worse in wire grip testing (p < 0.02), as well as in the Morris Water Maze test (p < 0.01). Through the course of the 3- week experiment there was 50% mortality in the monocyte-depleted group, while no animals died in the vehicle treated group. Both of the functional studies and the mortality data suggest that monocytes play an important role following intracerebral hemorrhage. The infiltration data suggests that monocytes are recruited to parenchymal tissue after 6 and 24 hours following hemorrhage and remain present for at least one week. This time fame offers a large window for therapeutic modulation of monocyte recruitment and/or function. Future studies should focus on identifying monocytes’ mechanisms of action, as well as improving the MAFIA mouse model by controlling for the weight loss and the cause of profound splenomegaly observed in the monocyte-depleted group

Importance of brand names in fashion merchandise

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Boston University This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

The AE-8 trapped electron model environment

The machine sensible version of the AE-8 electron model environment was completed in December 1983. It has been sent to users on the model environment distribution list and is made available to new users by the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC). AE-8 is the last in a series of terrestrial trapped radiation models that includes eight proton and eight electron versions. With the exception of AE-8, all these models were documented in formal reports as well as being available in a machine sensible form. The purpose of this report is to complete the documentation, finally, for AE-8 so that users can understand its construction and see the comparison of the model with the new data used, as well as with the AE-4 model