SCCmec Type IX Element in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus spa Type t337 (CC9) Isolated from Pigs and Pork in Thailand

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have emerged among livestock in several countries. In this study, we describe the results of a screening performed in pigs and raw pork samples in Thailand. Ten pork samples and 15 nasal swabs from pigs were collected from 2 markets and 1 pig farm in the Samuth Songkhram province in Thailand. MRSA were isolated using selective isolation procedures and confirmed by mecA PCR. The MRSA were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing, SCCmec typing, and MLST. Resistance and virulence markers were screened using a microarray. Five of the pork samples and six pig nasal swabs were positive for MRSA. All 11 isolates belonged to spa type t337 but showed diversity in antimicrobial resistance patterns and PFGE profiles. Additionally, the isolates were sequence-typed; ST9, ST2136, ST2278 belonging to the clonal complex; CC9. All isolates harbored SCCmec IX and were resistant to 7 out of 14 tested antimicrobials; additional resistances to all antimicrobials tested were found in some of the pork and pig isolates and 1 pork isolate was resistant to 13 antimicrobials tested. Microarray analysis identified blaZ, aac-aphD, vga(A), tetM, and a tet efflux marker, in all strains and additionally ermB and aadD, cat and fex(A) in the pork isolates. None of the isolates were found PVL-positive, but enterotoxins were identified in all isolates. To our knowledge, only a few descriptions of MRSA in livestock and food products in Thailand have been observed but this is the first observation of MRSA CC9 associated with SCCmec IX in pork. This study indicates a likely widespread distribution of MRSA in pig and pork in Thailand and further investigation on the prevalence and importance of livestock associated MRSA in Thailand is needed

Evaluation of patients with a recent clinical fracture and osteoporosis, a multidisciplinary approach

The aetiology of osteoporotic fractures is multifactorial, but little is known about the way to evaluate patients with a recent clinical fracture for the presence of secondary osteoporosis

Normalization by stack-based evaluation

We introduce Normalisation by Stack-based Evaluation, NbSE, combining Normalisation by Evaluation, NbE, with stack-based evaluation a la ZINC and Krivine's Machine. Stack-based evaluation avoids building, returning, and unpacking some of the closures (i.e., code, environment pairs) that evaluation uses internally as primitives. NbE makes evaluation two-sorted and invokes sort-coercers, called reify and reflect, in order to eliminate (external) closures from the domain of yielded values. We show that their combination, NbSE, can be implemented entirely without closures for both the call-by-name and call-by-value paradigms. The call-by-value implementation is more aggressive than usual in that it fully normalises argument terms before passing them on. The technical development in the paper establishes a conservative-extension hierarchy of the considered evaluation mechanisms that focuses on type soundness and its correctness consequences; this includes the various NbE/NbSE theorems.リサーチレポート（北陸先端科学技術大学院大学情報科学研究科

Lambdoid emergence

We analyse lambdoid gene regulation using the CEq formal method for inferring emergent properties from modal influence graphs. In addition to presenting the most comprehensive mathematical modelling of Bacteriophage lambda to date, our approach allows us to articulate and explore rigourously stated and algebraically concise properties of the way the virus works, and to propose novel explanations of the nature of lambdoid switching, stability, anti-immunity, and more.リサーチレポート（北陸先端科学技術大学院大学情報科学研究科

Rewriting game theory applied to protein signalling in MAPK cascades

We propose the recent notion of rewriting game theory as a tool for studying biochemical systems. Rewriting game theory is based on a discrete and dynamic notion of Nash-style equilibria for games without structural constraints and with arbitrary payoff values. Our aim here is to show how the formalism can be used to characterise biological information as logical properties of a purely chemical model. Specifically, we address MAPK cascades through a compendium of the involved chemical reactions, with particular focus on the known signalling pathways. We also present preliminary computerised support for our methodology.リサーチレポート（北陸先端科学技術大学院大学情報科学研究科

Structural preservation and reflection of diagrams

We present a formal notion of diagram that captures standard rewriting properties such as confluence, commuting relations, semi-standardisation, the triangle property, etc. We prove a number of results that imply diagram equivalence between abstractly related rewrite relations, i.e., that show that one enjoys a diagram-expressed property iff the other one does. In particular, we focus on the case where one rewrite system is over structurally collapsed terms of the other. We apply the results to various concrete systems, including the λ-calculus, with its notion of α-equivalence, and cut-elimination, with its notion of permutative conversions. The core theory and substantial applications have been formally verified in the HOL4 proof assistant.リサーチレポート（北陸先端科学技術大学院大学情報科学研究科