UN Peacekeeping Economies and Local Sex Industries: Connections and Implications

“Peacekeeping economies” have not been subject to much analysis of either their economic or socio-cultural and political impacts. This paper uses a gendered lens to explore some ramifications and lasting implications of peacekeeping economies, drawing on examples from four post-conflict countries with past or ongoing United Nations peacekeeping missions: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Liberia, and Haiti. The paper is particularly concerned with the interplay between the peacekeeping economy and the sex industry. It examines some of the characteristics and impacts of peacekeeping economies, arguing that these are highly gendered – but that the “normalization” of peacekeeping economies allows these effects to be overlooked or obscured. It also contends that these gendered characteristics and impacts have (or are likely to have) broad and lasting consequences. Finally, the paper considers the initial impacts of UN efforts to tackle negative impacts of peacekeeping economies, particularly the zero-tolerance policy against sexual exploitation and the effort to “mainstream” gender and promote gender equality in and through peacekeeping. The paper suggests that the existence and potential longterm perpetuation of a highly gendered peacekeeping economy threatens to undermine the gender goals and objectives that are a component of most peace operations.Peacekeeping; Gender; Sex industry; Bosnia-Herzegovina; Kosovo; Liberia; Haiti

Brienen M.E.I., Hoegen E.H.: Victims of crime in 22 European criminal justice systems WLP, Nijmegen, 2000

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German experiences in documenting and presenting information about past crimes to the public

This paper aims to present German experiences in documenting the crimes of the past using Berlin as a case study. The first part provides a brief overview of the history and the broader social context in which the process of dealing with the past took place in Germany in general, and in Berlin in particular, as well as the most important characteristics of data on crimes that were presented to the public. The second part provides an overview and analysis of the data presented in two memorials: the Topography of Terror and the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. These two memorials are examples of presenting information about war crimes that can be considered as fairly inclusive, thus the goal of their presentation is to highlight the potential that these approaches may have in creating a social memory and the overall attitude of society toward the past. The findings presented in this paper are the result of the research carried out by the author in Berlin in June 2011. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 179044 Razvoj metodologije evidentiranja kriminaliteta kao osnova kreiranja efikasnih mera za njegovo suzbijanje i prevenciju

Family violence offence in a social context and legal system of Serbia and Montenegro

In this paper author elaborates macro and micro factors which contribute to emergence/aggravation of family violence in a circumstances of social transition, as well as factors which contribute to better protection, assistance and support to victims of violence. Therefore, author presents historical development of lobbying for legal reforms regarding domestic violence, as well as importance and broader context of new incrimination - Domestic Violence - in the legal system of Serbia and Montenegro. Also, in this paper author presents basic principles of the New Model for legal protection from family violence, made by the working group of the Victimology Society of Serbia, describing legal situation that existed before these changes and legal protection of victims after the reform. Author also indicates to an incomplete legal protection of victims - lack of possibilities for arrest, protective measures, restraining orders, and (voluntary or mandatory) treatment of abuser. The importance of monitoring of implementation and further improving of this and other laws is stressed out as well

Truth and reconciliation in Serbia

The paper provides a general review of the current situation concerning the truth and reconciliation in Serbia. The existing attitude toward the past in Serbia is examined through an analysis of relations toward it and through the analyses of bottom up and top-down initiatives. In this respect, the paper’s focus is on the following: the media, nongovernmental organizations the individual citizen, state organs, primarily the authorities and criminal justice system, and the international community. The citizens’ opinions that were brought out in the panel discussions organized by the Victim logy Society of Serbia, within the project From remembering the past towards a positive future, and that refer to the need for a process of truth and reconciliation and the obstacles and difficulties related to that, are pointed out as well. Particular attention is devoted to the obstacles and difficulties related to the absence of a clear position of the authorities to the counter-productive decisions of the international community and the still negative role of the media that fail to deal broadly with the issues of truth and reconciliation

Trafficking in women in Serbia and neighboring countries: Scope, characteristics and causes

In this paper scope, characteristics and causes of sex trafficking in women are analyzed. The analysis considers trafficking in women in Serbia and in its direct and indirect surrounding. Available data about distribution and channels of trafficking in women, as well as about methods of recruitment, transfer and victimization of women are analyzed. Also, some of characteristics of traffickers are considered. The special chapter deals with factors that contribute to sex trafficking in women. These factors are classified in three groups: push factors, pull factors and facilitating factors. In the conclusion, the author points out the importance of data exposed in this paper for building efficient system of struggle against as well as prevention of trafficking of human beings in general, and, of sex trafficking in women, in particular

Illegal markets, human trade and transnational organised crime

In this paper the author explores, focusing largely on the example of the Balkans, the connection between the expansion of neoliberal market economy and war, and related to it the growth of illegal markets and the shadow economy, on one hand, and the victimisation by human trafficking, on the other. By locating human trade within expanding local and global illegal markets, the author is arguing that, without taking into consideration wider social contexts, which create structural incentives for illegal markets and transnational organised crime, we can hardly understand the causes, let alone build effective strategies to combat and prevent it. Consequently, on the basis of the analyses of human trade as a form of both transnational organised crime and illegal markets, some strategies (short-term and long-term) for the prevention and control of human trafficking on both the micro and macro level are suggested

Social construction of victim’s blame, with special emphasis on criminal procedure against accused for the assassination of Zoran Djindjic, the prime minister of Serbia

In this paper, the problem of victim blaming is analyzed, in general, and particularly, in the criminal procedure and through the media. Also, the attention is paid to the secondary victimization of family members of murder victims in general, and, especially, in criminal procedure, and when there is the tendency of blaming direct victim. In the first part of the paper the overview of existing theoretical knowledge is given. In the second part, the analyses of social construction of victim’s blame in the case of criminal procedure for the assassination of Zoran Đinđić, the prime minister of Serbia, before and during the starting phase of the trial is done. Additionally, the impact that the entire social climate which accompany the trial can have on the victim’s family members as indirect victims is analyzed