Aberrations of growth factors as biomarkers of cancer progression

Cell proliferation and growth are regulated by a complex network of growth factor and growth inhibitorinitiated signal transduction pathways. The disruption of these signaling pathways through genetic, epigenetic, or somatic alterations is a major area of cancer research. Increasing evidence indicates that oncogenic activation of growth factors and their receptor proteins occur through mutations (oncoproteins) that lead to constitutive activation of the signaling pathways, thus providing the grounds for putative prognostic marker(s) and potential target(s) for treatment of various cancers. Over the past few years, the study of genomics has revealed the gene expression signatures for many malignancies. Present communication outlines literature survey on genomic molecular markers of breast, lung, and prostate cancers. Reassuringly, the dominant genomic markers of these malignancies include oncoproteins and provide a support for their clinical validity as cancer targets. More specifically, this article reviews recent advances in clinical targeting of these malignancies by two types of growth factor/receptors, namely transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and EGFR subfamily of tyrosine kinase receptors including ErbB2. Overexpression of these proteins has been demonstrated in patients with cancer progression and correlated with poor prognosis, increased frequency of metastasis and death. In addition, EGFR and ErbB2 inhibitors have been used in targeted therapy of lung and breast cancer, respectively. Recent investigations of lung cancer have uncovered that EGFR inhibitors have their greatest effect in patients with EGFR somatic mutations thus raising a possibility that EGFR mutations may be a molecular predictors of sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors

Gradnja povjerenja kao uvjet stabilnosti europskog jugoistoka

U radu se objašnjava značaj povjerenja i razmatra značaj izgradnje povjerenja kao uvjeta stabilnosti europskog jugoistoka. Izdvojen je pojam povjerenja, a za teorijsku metodu koristila se Fukuyamina metoda povjerenja. Naglasak je stavljen na potrebu izgradnje demokratske kulture. U zatvorenom društvu ne može se biti spontan, kao što se ne može otvoriti a da se nema povjerenje u najbližoj životnoj i radnoj okolini. Jedan od zaključaka je da se termini otvorenost, spontanost i povjerenje ne mogu suprotstavljati. Oni su komplementarni i značajni za održavanje prijateljstva, sloge i sklad

Pojam krize: konceptualni i metodologijski aspekti

U radu se prikazuje i tumači problem kriza i katastrofa. Pojmovima krize, konceptualnih i metodologijskih aspekata, prikazuju se osnovni pojmovi krize, menadžmenta i katastrofe. Objašnjava se zašto se osjeća zazor prema samoj riječi kriza i zašto ona ima negativna obilježja. Prevladavanjem uzroka krize svladavaju se teškoće i otvaraju nove mogućnosti.This paper presents and interprets the problem of crises and disasters. Through the concept of crisis in the European Union, the conceptual and methodological aspects, the basic concepts of crisis, management and disaster are being presented. It explains why we feel uncomfortable with the very word crisis and why it has negative attributes. Overcoming the causes of crises we overcome difficulties and open up new possibilities