Secular Trend as a Factor of Craniofacial Morphological Changes

Istraživanje je obavljeno na dva po dobi sukladna uzorka, no iz dvaju različitih razdoblja. Svrha ispitivanja bila je provjeriti ima li u definiranom razdoblju morfoloških promjena kraniofacijalnog sistema, koje bi se mogle pripisati utjecaju sekularnog trenda. Mjerene su 4 osnovne kraniofacijalne varijable iz kojih su izvedeni indeksi glave i lica. Nalazi su statistički obrađeni procjenom osnovnih parametara i testiranjem razlika aritmetičkih sredina istih varijabli između oba uzorka. Rezultati upućuju na to da je u razdoblju od 13 godina, utjecajem sekularnoga trenda, došlo do slijedećih promjena: — indeksi glave se smanjuju značajnijim porastom dužine glave (g-op); — indeksi lica su smanjeni, pretežno smanjenjem visine lica (n-gn).The study was carried out in two age-matched groups of patients from two different periods of time. The aim of the study was to determine whether any craniofacial system alterations attributable to the influence of secular trend had occurred during a defined period of time. Four basic craniofacial variables, from which the craniofacial indices were derived, were measured. The findings were statistically processed by the basic parameter evaluation and testing of differences of arithmetical means of the same variables between the two stydy groups. The results showed the following alterations to have occurred during a 13-year period due to the secular trend effects: cranial indices decreased, mostly by a significant cranial length increase (g-op); and facial indices decreased, mostly by a facial height decrease (n-gn)

Dentalna atricija u predškolske djece

The effect of orthodontic anomalies on the occurrence and severity of attrition was studied in a group of 610 subjects of both sexes, aged 3- 6 years. Attrition was recorded on biting surfaces of lateral teeth and classified into four degrees according to own classification. With the exception of crowding, attrition was more expressed in dysgnathic subjects, while in the subjects with crossbite and class III anomalies it was found to be most prononced. It is quite likely that the effect of orthodontic anomalies on the occurrence and severity of attrition results from alterations in occlusal relations and impaired function of the dentition in general.Na uzroku od 610 ispitanika, oba spola, ispitan je utjecaj ortodontskih anomalija na pojavu i intenzitet atricije. Istraživanje je provedeno na ispitanicima od 3— 6 godina starosti. Atricija je registrirana na griznim plohama lateralnih zubi, a vrednovana je s tri stupnja vlastite namjenske sheme. Osim kod kompresijskih anomalija, atricija je izraženija kod disgnatih ispitanika. Najjače je izražena u ispitanika s unakrsnim zagrizom i anomalijama progenog kompleksa. Utjecaj ortodontskih anomalija na pojavu i intenzitet atricije vjerojatno proizlazi iz promjena okluzijskih odnosa i poremećene funkcije

The Changes of Vertical Visceral Dimensions during Growth

Svrha istraživanja bila je utvrditi promjene prednje i stražnje visine lica te njihovih proporcija između desete godine života i odrasle dobi u ispitanika normalne okluzije hrvatske populacije. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 199 rentgenograma ispitanika podijeljenih u pet dobnih skupina. Precrtavanjem rentgenograma na proziran papir mjerile su se sljedeće varijable: s-go = stražnja visina lica; n-m = prednja visina lica i s-go/n-m = proporcija prednje i stražnje visine lica. Stražnja visina lica (s-go) u cjelokupnom uzorku pokazuje porast od 10,72 mm između desete godine i odrasle dobi (12,9%). Prednja visina lica (n-m) raste sa 112,99 mm na 123,49 mm što ukupno iznosi 10,5 mm ili 8,5%. Odnos prednje i stražnje visine lica pokazuje lagan porast od 63,97 do 67,14% između najmlađe i najstarije dobne skupine. Sve mjerene vrijednosti više su u muških ispitanika.The purpose of this study is to determine the changes in the posterior and anterior facial heights as well as in their proportions that occur between the age of 10 years and adulthood in subjects with normal occlusion in Croatian population. The investigation was carried out on 199 lateral cephalometric radiographs of patients divided into five age groups. The radiographs were traced and the following measurements have been derived : s-go = posterior face height; n m = anterior face height and s-go/n-m % = face height ratio. Posterior face height dimensions (s-go) in total sample showed an increase of 10,72 mm between 10 years of age to adulthood (12.9%). The mean anterior face height (n-m) value in whole sample increases from 112,99 to 123,49 mm which is 10,5 mm or 8,5 %. Anterior-posterior face heights ratio showed slight increase from 63,97 to 67,14 % from the youngest to the oldest age group. All measured face dimensions are higher in males than in females in all groups

Die bedeutung der entwicklungsmerkmale der spaten milch und fruhen gemischten dentition in der orthodontischen pravention

Ispitani uzorak djece predškolske dobi iž 11 zagrebačkih dječjih vrtića sastavljen je od 263 dječaka i 274 djevojčice. Pored detekcije postojećih ortodontskih anomalija izvršeno je vrednovanje razvojnih karakteristika kasne mliječne, odnosno rane mješovite denticije, u cilju prepoznavanja najranijih simptoma u razvoju anomalija. Na taj se način moglo pristupiti pravovremenom planiranju preventivnih i interceptivnih zahvata i reducirati broj dugotrajnih i skupih ortodontskih terapija. U naših ispitanika registrirali smo 57,2% ortodontskih anomalija. Po frekventnosti se ina prvom mjestu nalaze primarne kompresije (49,6%), a zatim slijede pokrovni zagriz (22,5%), progenija (11,7%), unakrsni zagriz (7,8%), otvoreni zagriz (5,5%), dijastema medijana (23%) i ostale anomalije (0,6%). Na slučajeve etiološki vezane uz nepodesne navike kao što su protruzija gornje fronte (38,8%) i dentoalveolni otvoreni zagriz (5,5%), otpada 44,3% registriranih anomalija. Klasu I našli smo u 79,4% slučajeva, klasu II u 19,4%, a klasu III u 1,2% slučajeva. Karioznih je zubala bilo 80,3%, a djelomično saniranih 34,9%. Prerani gubitak mliječnih zubi, kao potencijalna anomalija, registriran je u 23,3% ispitanika. Ortodontski aparat je nosilo samo jedno dijete. Terapija bi bila potrebna u 16% ispitanika, poželjna u 3%, dok se u opservacijskoj grupi našlo 49,5% ispitanika.The researched specimen of children from 4—7 years old, consist of 263 boys and 274 girls from the 11 nursery-homes for children in Zagreb. Together with the detection of existing malocclusions, we have valued developmental charaoterysfics of the deciduous and early mixed dentition. Our aim was to recognize the earliest symptoms in the development o f malocclusions. Thus we could plane on time some preventive and interceptive treatments and reduce the number of orthodontic therapies that are expensive and of long duration. It has been registrated 57.2% malocclusions. The most frequent are primary crowdings (49.6%); subsequently, Class II Division 2 malocclusions (22.5%); Class III malo-oclussions (11.7%); cross-bite (7.8%); open-bite (5.5%); diastema mediana (2.3%) and the other malocclusions, (0.6%). From the whole number of registrated malocclusions, 44.3% belong to cases that are etiological related with the abnormal pressure habits such as the Class II Division 1 malocclusion (38.8%) and the dentoalveolar open-bite (5.5%). The class I has been found In 79.4% of the cases, the Class II in 19.4% and the class III in 1.2% of the cases. It has be founded 80.3% of dentitions affected with caries and 34.9% of partly sanified. Prematury loss of deciduous teeth as an potential malocclusion has been registrated at 23.3% of the cases. The orthodontic appliance had been used just by a single child. The therapy is concerned as necessary at 16% and as recomended at 3% of the cases. To the observation’s group has belonged 49.5% of the cases.Das Prüfungsmuster von Vorschulkindern aus 11 zagreber Kindergärten, bestand aus 263 Knaben und 274 Mädchen. Neben der Entdeckung von bestehenden orthodontischen Anomalien, wurden die Entwicklungsmerkmale der Milch-bzw. der frühen qemischter Dentition zum Zwecke der Erkenntnis der frühesten Symptome der Entwiicklungsanomalien, bewertet. Derart konnten die präventiven und interzeptiven Eingriffen rechtzeitig planiert und die Anzahl der langfristigen und teuren orthodontischen Eingriffe reduziert werden. Von den 57,2% registrierten orthodontischen Anomalien kommen an erster Stelle primäre Kompressionen (49,6%), danach folgen der Deckbiss (22,5%), die Progenie m it 11,7%, der Kreuzbiss mit 7,8%, der offene Biss m it 5,5°/o, das Diastema mediana — 2,3% die und übrigen Anomalien m it 0,6%. Durch unzweckmässige Gewohnheiten aethiologisch bedingt, wie Protrusion der oberen Front (38,8%), und den dentoalveolär offenen Biss (5,5%) entfallen 44,3% der registrierten Fälle. Die Klasse I wurde in 79%, die Klasse II in 19% und die Klasse III in 1,2% der Fälle vorgefunden. Kariöse Gebisse gab es 80,3%, teilweise sanierte 34,9%. Vorzeitiger Verlust von Milchzähnen als potentielle Anomalie wurde in 23,3°/» der Probanden vorgefunden. Für die Therapie reif wurden 16%, für wünschenswert 3% befunden, während zur Beobachtungspruppe 49% der Fälle gehörten

Objectively evaluated forces in orthodontics by means of measuring instruments

Ortodontski aparati često predstavljaju sustav sila, kojima je uloga da izazovu reakciju u dentoalveolnim strukturama. Nedovoljno poznavanje odnosa sile prema biološkom mediju na koji djeluju, može biti povodom patoloških zbivanja. Stoga je uputno da se aplicirana sila u ortodontskom tretmanu objektivno registrira. Usporedo je nužna i informacija o anatomskim strukturama na koje djelujemo, kao i o načinu njihove reakcije. Mnogi autori su raznim metodama mjerili dinamiku sila koje djeluju na zube pritiskom jezika, usana i obraza. Manje ih je koji su se bavili mjerenjem umjetnih sila koje se u ortodonciji svakodnevno primjenjuju. Iznosi se pregled različitih konstrukcija i načina mjerenja kao i osnovna saznanja koja iz njih proizlaze.An orthodontic appliance is often a combination of forces which have the task to provoke a reaction in the dento-alveolar structures. Unsufficient knowledge of the relation between the forces and the biological medium upon which they act, can provoke pathologic reactions. It is advisable therefore to apply forces which can be objectively registered. At the same time it is necessary to know the anatomic structures upon which we act, and the pattern of their reaction. Many authors have measured — by different methods — the dynamic forces acting upon the teeth through the pressure of the tongue, lips and cheeks. But small number of them measured the artificial forces which are daily applied in the orthodontic practice. The authors of this paper give a survey of various constructions and methods of such measurements, as well as some basic information thus obtained

Occlusal patterns of deciduous dentition in children from a new suburban area and a village near zagreb (second part)

Radi ispitivanja mogućnosti utjecaja stupnja urbanizacije i sastava stanovništva na zastupljenost definiranih okluzijskih osobitosti mliječne denticije pregledano je 236 djece oba spola u dobi od 3— 7 godina. Djeca su stanovala i pohađala pripadne dječje vrtiće u novogradskom naselju Sopot i prigradskom naselju Velika Gorica na teritoriju grada Zagreba. Svaki ispitanik pregledan je 2— 3 puta u razmacima od godinu dana (ukupno 575 pregleda). Rezultati, dobiveni metodom poprečnog presjeka za svaki pregled, kompjuterski su obrađeni i međusobno uspoređeni te ukazuju na sljedeće: — Okluzija mliječne denticije djece novogradskog i prigradskog uzorka odlikuje se velikom varijabilnošću u pogledu zastupljenosti i intenziteta ispitivanih varijabli. — Većina ispitivanih varijabli mijenja se ovisno o životnoj dobi, razvojnim stadijima ii međusobnom utjecaju. — U novogradskom uzorku utvrđena je veća učestalost distalnog, dubokog i unakrsnog zagriza kod starijih ispitanika, kao i veća učestalost i veći porast lintenziteta negativnih incizalnih stepenica u usporedbi s prigradskim uzorkom. — U prigradskom uzorku utvrđena je redukcija učestalosti dubokog, distalnog i unakrsnog zagriza kod starijih ispitanika kao i redukcija učestalosti negativnih incizalnih stepenica u usporedbi s novogradskim uzorkom.A cohort of 236 children of both sexes, aged 3— 7 years, were examined in order to study the possible impact of the degree of urbanization and population structure on the prevalence of defined occlusal features of deciduous dentition. The children were living and attendig kindergartens in a new suburban area, Sopot, and Velika Gorica, a village in the Zagreb district. Each child was examined 2— 3 times, in one-year intervals (575 examination, computer processed and mutally compared, indicated the following: — Occusion of deciduous dentition tin children from a new suburban area and a viillage near Zagreb is characterized by high variability in relation to the prevalence and severity of the studied variables. — Most of the studied variables change in dependence of age, stages of development and mutual influences. — In the sample from the new suburbs, a higher prevalence of the distal, deep and cross-bite in older children as well as a higher prevalence of and increase in the severity of negative incisal steps, were observed in comparison to the village sample. — In the village sample, a reduction in the prevalence of the distal, deep and cross-bite in older children as well as a reduction in the prevalence of negative incisal steps, were observed in comparison to the suburbs sample

An analysis of the incidence of orthodontic anomalies snd caries of milk teeth in children from Zagreb

Radi ispitivanja mogućnosti utjecaja stupnja urbanizacije i sastava stanovništva na incidenciju ortodontskih anomalija i zubnog karijesa pregledano je 654 djece predškolske dobi s isključivo mliječnom denticijom. Djeca su stanovala i polazila pripadne dječje vrtiće u tri različite zagrebačke općine. Ortodontske anomalije nađene su u prosjeku kod 65,3% ispitanika sa statistički značajnim razlikama s obzirom na mjesto ispitivanja. Najviše anomalija imala su djeca u centru Zagreba (78,9%), a najmanje djeca u prigradskom naselju (53,1%. Među anomalijama najbrojnije su primarne kompresije (56,4%), a zatim slijede unakrsni zagriz (12,6%), otvoreni zagriz (10,1%), pokrovni zagriz (8,9%), anomalije progenijskog kompleksa (6,5%) i dijastema medijana (5,4%). U skupini kompresijskih anomalija brojčano su dominirale kompresije s protrudiranom frontom, koje su ujedno pokazivale i najveće oscilacije s obzirom na spol i mjesto ispitivanja. Signifikantno ih je više nađeno u centru gradu u odnosu na prigradsko naselje gdje je opet nađeno signifikantno više anomalija nasljedne etiologije. Intaktno mliječno zubalo imalo je 50% ispitanika, sanirano 9,3%, djelomično sanirano 12,7%, a nesanirano 28%. Potreba za ortodontskom intervencijom postojala je kod 18,2% ispitanika, bila je poželjna kod 10,4%, nepotrebna kod 27,5%, dok je 43,9% ispitanika našlo mjesto u opservacijskoj skupini.A total of 654 preschool children have been examined in order to investigate the possible effects of the degree of urbanization and of the composition of the population on the incidence of orthodontic anomalies and caries of milk teeth. All the children had only milk teeth and attended kindergartens located in three different communities of Zagreb. Orthodontic anomalies have been found in an average of 65.3% of the examinees with statistically significant differences with regard to their place of residence. Children coming from the center of Zagreb had the highest incidence of anomalies (78.9%), and the lowest incidence was found in those living in a suburban settlement (53.1%). The most numerous anomalies were primary compressions (56.4%), cross bite (12.6%), open bite (10.1%), closed bite (8.9%), anomalies of the progenia complex (6.5%) and median diastema (5.4%). Among the compression anomalies the most numerous were compressions with protruding front, which were, at the same time, significantly oscillating with sex and the place of examination. They were significantly more numerous among the children living in the center of the town compared to those in the suburban settlement, in whom the incidence of hereditary anomalies was higher. Intact deciduous dentition was found in 50% of the examinees, cured teeth in 9.3%, partially cured teeth in 12.7% and carious teeth in 28% of the examinees. Orthodontic intervention was necessary in 18.2% of examinees, desirable in 10.4%, unnecessary in 27.5%, while the remaining 43.9% of the examinees were classified into the observation group

Dentometrijske karakteristike ispitanika s primarnom kompresijom

A comparative study of dentometric characteristics of incisors in the upper and lower jaws was performed in on attempt to determine the role of the size of the mentioned teeth in the process of primary crowding. The study included 200 examinees (140 females and 60 males) with primary crowding and 100 eugnathic subjects (48 females and 52 males) as a control group. The sample was selected according to the following criteria: anterior crowding, completed exchange of teeth, neutral intermaxillary relationship (Angle class I), lack of other malocclusion. The age was limited to 14 years in order to avoid the possible influence of tertiary crowding. The study was carried out by means of a sliding-caliper with 1 mm precision on plaster casts of the upper and lower jaws, and the mesiodistal diameters of all the four permanent incisors in the upper and lower jaws were measured. After statistical analysis and interpretation of the results, the following was concluded: Arithmetical means of the sums of the upper incisors were considerably higher in boys, while the difference between the mean values of the sums of the lower incisors was insignificant. The subjects with crowding had significantly bigger upper but not lower incisors. One of the important factors for the occurrence of crowding were bigger incisors, especially the upper central ones, and in girls also the lower incisors. The size of the incisors should by no means be taken as the only cause o f crowding, as demonstrated by the analysis of the widths and heights o f the upper dental arch. Significantly smaller widths of dental arches in the premolar and molar regions, along with an increase in the anterior upper height were registered in the subjects with crowding. The analysis of correlations revealed only a slight association between the size o f incisors, especially the upper ones, and the widths and anterior heights of the upper dental arch, possibly indicating a very low correlation or the lack o f correlation among the factors inducing crowding, i.e. increase in the size of incisors, and a narrower and longer upper dental arch.Provedeno je usporedno istraživanje dentometrijskih odlika sjekutiča u gornjoj i donjoj čeljusti s ciljem utvrđivanja uloge veličine navedenih zubi u procesu nastajanja primarne kompresije. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 200 ispitanika (140 ženskih i 60 muških) s primarnom kompresijom i 100 eugnatih ispitanika (48 ženskih i 52 muška) koji su poslužili kao kontrolna skupina. Odabir je učinjen prema slijedećim mjerilima: zbijeni postav sjekutiča, završena mijena zubi, neutralni međučeljusni odnos (Kl I), odsutnost neke druge ortodontske anomalije. Dob je ograničena na 14 godina, kako bi se izbjegao mogući utjecaj tercijarne kompresije. Istraživanje je provedeno pomičnom kliznom mjerkom s točnošću od 0,5 mm na sadrenim odljevima gornjih i donjih čeljusti, a izmjereni su meziodistalni promjeri svih gornjih i donjih trajnih sjekutića. Nakon provedene statističke obrade i analize rezultata, može se zaključiti slijedeće: Aritmetičke sredine suma gornjih inciziva značajno su veće u dječaka, dok razlika između spolova za prosječne vrijednosti suma donjih inciziva nije značajna. Jedan od važnih čimbenika za nastajanje »crowdinga« je povećana zubna masa sjekutića, prvenstveno gornjih srednjih, a u djevojčica i donjih inciziva. Veličina inciziva nikako se ne može uzeti kao jedini razlog za nastanak kompresije, što potvrđuje i analiza širina i dužina gornjega zubnoga niza. U ispitanika s »crowdingom« zabilježene su značajno manje širine zubnih nizova u regiji premolara i molara te povećanje prednje gornje dužine. Analiza korelacija ukazuje tek na laganu povezanost ili nepovezanost veličine inciziva sa širinama i prednjom dužinom gornjega zubnog niza. To bi moglo ukazivati na vrlo malu povezanost, odnosno nepovezanost čimbenika koji dovode do »crowdinga«, a to su veći incizivi te uži i duži gornji zubni niz

Comparison of the Statistical Methods in the Follow-up of the Growth of Dentition

Razvojne promjene u području zubnih nizova tijekom rasta od velikog su značenja u ortodonciji. Istraživanje je poduzeto s namjerom da se ispitaju prednosti, odnosno nedostaci statističkih analiza pri longitudinalno praćenom uzorku ispitanika u različitim razvojnim stadijima denticije. Uzorak od 51 ispitanika, obaju spolova, inicijalno selekcioniran kao »normalan« (bez izrazitijih simptoma ortodontskih anomalija) istraživan je longitudinalno, od potpune mliječne do kompletiranja trajne denticije (od 4,7 do 11,5 godina). Evidentirane su promjene analizom 22 varijable. Dentometrijski i gnatometrijski rezultati su obrađeni longitudinalnom regresijskom statističkom analizom prema Goldsteinu i osnovnom sumarnom statističkom metodom, analizom prosječnih vrijednosti i mjera varijabiliteta za pojedinačne preglede kao i ukupno za čitavo ispitivano razdoblje. Nalazi su prikazani tablicama i grafički. Učinjena usporedba po kazuje sukladne rezultate, a razlike koje se eventualno iskazuju kreću se u okviru + /- 112 standardne devijacije, osim u početnim pregledima ponegdje, oko + 1-1 standardne devijacije. Zaključno se može konstatirati da su obje statističke metode podjednako pouzdane ako se njihovi rezultati razumno interpretiraju, imajući u vidu ograničenja koja nam nameću.Developmental alterations occurring in the region o f dentition during the process o f growth are o f utmost importance in orthodontics. The aim o f this study was to assess the advantages and shortcomings o f statistical analyses in a longitudinal follow-up o f a sample o f subjects in various developmental stages o f dentition. A sample o f 51 subjects o f both sexes, initially considered normal (i.e. free o f any marked symptoms o f orthodontic anomalies) were observed in a longitudinal study, from the stage o f a complete deciduous dentition to the completion o f permanent dentition (i.e. from the age o f 4.7 to 11.5 years). Alterations observed by the analysis o f 22 variables were recorded. Dentometric and gnathometric results were processed by the longitudinal regression analysis according to Goldstein, basic summary statistical method, analysis o f mean values and measure o f variability for both individual examination and for the whole study period. The findings are tabularly and graphically presented. A comparison shows consistent results, with the possible differences falling within + 1-0.5 standard deviation, except for the initial examinations occasionally revealing about + /- 1 standard deviation.In conclusion, both statistical methods appear to e almost equally reliable, provided their results are reasonably interpreted and taking their inherent limitations into consideration

[Vestibulum oris and vestibular plate in class II/I]

Istraživanja su poduzeta s namjerom da se objektivizira metoda koja će determinirati obliik prefabriciranih vestibularnih ploča koje se primjenjuju kod protruzija gornjih sjekutića s distalnim zagrizom. Pojedine faze u razradi takvog pristupa su fotodokumentirane i opisane na način da ih je moguće reproducirati. Nalazi ukazuju da su sadašnji konfekcionirani izdjelci te vrste u distalnim područjima nešto uži od oblika koji sugerira naš pristup.A research was made with the aim to abjeotivize the method which would determine the form of prefabricated vestibular plates, applied in cases with front protrusions with overjet. Different phases of the approach were followed with photographic documentation and described, in a way to make them reproducible. The findings show that the actual prefabricated appliances of this kind are in distal areas somewhat narrower than the form suggested by our approach