Founder's lecture of the ISS 2006: borderlands of normal and early pathological findings in MRI of the foot and ankle

The purpose of this article is to highlight the anatomical variants, technical pitfalls, and the prevalence of abnormal conditions in the asymptomatic population in magnetic resonance imaging of the foot and ankle. Special attention is drawn to the complex anatomy of the deltoid ligament (the superficial tibionavicular ligament, tibiospring ligament, the tibiocalcaneal ligament, and the deep anterior and posterior tibiotalar ligaments) and the posterior tibial tendon insertion including the magic angle artifact and the high prevalence of asymptomatic findings such as "hypertrophied" peroneal tubercle (abnormal only when larger than 5 mm), peroneus quartus (prevalence 17%), and cysts (vascular remnants) just inferior to the angle of Gissane