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    Экслибрис пастора Π“ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΠ±Π° Π‘Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ†Π°: ΠΈΠ· истории ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ наслСдия Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ†Π΅Π² ПоволТья

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    The article considers the ex-libris of Gottlieb Beratz, the priest of the German settlement in the Volga region (late 19th β€” early 20th century), presented in the rare small-format edition of Marco Polo’s book β€œTravels” published in the first third of the 19th century. The study of bookplates in rare editions is important as an additional source for the analysis of history of a book, the author’s biography and the history of bibliophilic collections or a specific copy of a book. Presented for the first time detailed description of the ex-libris of G. Beratz, being a contribution of the study of Russian bookplates, may help in the search for the book collection of scientific interest, based on the presented edition available in the LNS RAS and considering the personality of the owner. In this regard, the author examined the stamps on the Marco Polo’s book, which indicated the movement of the book from G. Beratz’s library to Saratov institutions, and then to Moscow. The author describes in general terms the technique of ex-libris of G. Beratz, technological process of phototype and zincography. The article suggests that ex-libris was made in the typolithographic printing of G.Kh. Shelgorn, where G. Beratz published his works. The owner of the book collection, which included Marco Polo’s β€œTravels”, was not only a priest of the German parish in the Volga region, but also a writer, playwright and scientist, well known in the circles of historians. He was the author of scientific work about the migration of Germans to the Volga region, published not only in Russia but also in Germany. The article briefly describes the history of creation of the book by Marco Polo with reference to the biographical details of the traveller, as well as the main periods of the biography of the Pastor G. Beratz, owner of a large bibliophilic collection.Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ посвящСна экслибрису Π“ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΠ±Π° Π‘Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ†Π°, свящСнника Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ†ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ посСлСния Π² ПоволТьС (ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ† XIX β€” Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΎ Π₯Π₯ Π².), прСдставлСнному Π² Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΠΎ Поло Β«ΠŸΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡΒ», ΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈ XIX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Π˜Π·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ экслибрисов Π² Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΡ… изданиях Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π² качСствС Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ источника для исслСдования истории ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ, Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°, истории бытования Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΡ… собраний ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ экзСмпляра ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ. Π’ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ прСдставлСно ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ описаниС экслибриса Π“. Π‘Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ†Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π° Π² исслСдованиС российского экслибриса, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‡ΡŒ Π² поисках ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ собрания, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ интСрСс, судя ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌΡƒΡΡ Π² Π‘ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ СстСствСнным Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Российской Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊ изданию, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ учитывая Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ†Π°. Π’ связи с этим Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΡˆΡ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° экзСмплярС издания, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ М. Поло ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠΈ Π“. Π‘Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ†Π° Π² саратовскиС учрСТдСния, Π° Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ Π² московскиС. Π’ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π°Ρ… прСдставлСно описаниС Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ исполнСния экслибриса Π“. Π‘Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ†Π°, тСхнологичСский процСсс Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ. Высказано ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ экслибрис Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ Π² Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ Π“.Π₯. Π¨Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ³ΠΎΡ€Π½Π°, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π“. Π‘Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ† ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚Π°Π» свои Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Ρ‹. Π’Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ†ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ собрания, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«ΠŸΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡΒ» М. Поло, Π±Ρ‹Π» Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ свящСнником, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ писатСлСм, Π΄Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π³ΠΎΠΌ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ извСстным Π² ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠ³Π°Ρ… историков ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ, Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π° ΠΎ пСрСсСлСнии Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ†Π΅Π² Π² ПоволТьС, ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π² России, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² Π“Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎ описаны история создания ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ М. Поло с ΡƒΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ биографичСских Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ основныС ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ пастора Π“. Π‘Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ†Π°, Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ†Π° большого Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ собрания

    ΠšΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ собрания СвропСйских Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊ XVIIIβ€”XIX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π‘ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ СстСствСнным Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Российской Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊ

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    It is known that the history of book collections of past centuries’ libraries, including military ones, is tragic: for many reasons, they are often either scattered or preserved in small fragments. Today, when libraries intensively work to digitize their holdings and search out historical book collections, it is very important to identify and attribute books from foreign, as well as from Russian military libraries.For the first time, the article describes the work carried out to identify publications of foreign (and partly Russian) military libraries from the rare books collection of the Library for Natural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The article considers the publications as a source of information about scientific knowledge (military libraries were aimed to acquaint their readers with the basics of military art and the latest achievements in military science). There is shown that the content of such libraries’ collections did not exclude thematic diversity, targeted to comprehensively form the officer’s personality: professional, moral and cultural. The article examines the books of the 18thβ€”19th centuries from military libraries of Europe, currently stored in the Library for Natural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the book marks in them proving the publications’ belonging to specific military libraries. There is highlighted the importance of book marks for the attribution of collections (and libraries) that existed in the past, but turned out to be scattered. The results obtained show that the publications and book marks of military book collections are a strong and reliable source in studying the history of military affairs, military science, and the history of military libraries, and confirm the need for further serious work with the library’s rare book collection.Π˜Π·Π²Π΅ΡΡ‚Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ история ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… собраний Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ»Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ², Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π°: ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ часто ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΡ… Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ…. Π’ настоящСС врСмя, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ своих Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ поиску историчСски ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΡ…ΡΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… собраний, ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ Π°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· иностранных, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· российских Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊ.Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Π²ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ прСдставлСны Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ изысканий, связанных с выявлСниСм ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΠΈΠ· иностранных (ΠΈ частично русских) Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊ Π² Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π‘ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ СстСствСнным Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Российской Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊ (БЕН РАН). Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ источник ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… знаниях (Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠΈ ставили Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ своих Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ с основами Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΈ послСдними достиТСниями Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠ΅). Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ содСрТаниС Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΎ тСматичСского разнообразия, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° всСстороннСС Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ личности ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ€Π°: ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ-нравствСнноС ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ΅. РассмотрСны ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ XVIIIβ€”XIX Π²Π². ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹, Π½Ρ‹Π½Π΅ находящиСся Π² Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°Ρ… БЕН РАН; ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‰Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π² Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ. ΠžΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² для Π°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΈ собраний (ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊ), ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ…ΡΡ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ сами издания, ΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… собраний ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈ достовСрным источником Π² ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ истории Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°, Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ истории Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ дальнСйшСй ΡΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ с Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠΈ

    Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 3D-Scaffold–Conduit for Guided Tissue Sprouting

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    Scaffold biocompatibility remains an urgent problem in tissue engineering. An especially interesting problem is guided cell intergrowth and tissue sprouting using a porous scaffold with a special design. Two types of structures were obtained from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) using a salt leaching technique. In flat scaffolds (scaffold-1), one side was more porous (pore size 100–300 ΞΌm), while the other side was smoother (pore size 10–50 ΞΌm). Such scaffolds are suitable for the in vitro cultivation of rat mesenchymal stem cells and 3T3 fibroblasts, and, upon subcutaneous implantation to older rats, they cause moderate inflammation and the formation of a fibrous capsule. Scaffold-2s are homogeneous volumetric hard sponges (pore size 30–300 ΞΌm) with more structured pores. They were suitable for the in vitro culturing of 3T3 fibroblasts. Scaffold-2s were used to manufacture a conduit from the PHB/PHBV tube with scaffold-2 as a filler. The subcutaneous implantation of such conduits to older rats resulted in gradual soft connective tissue sprouting through the filler material of the scaffold-2 without any visible inflammatory processes. Thus, scaffold-2 can be used as a guide for connective tissue sprouting. The obtained data are advanced studies for reconstructive surgery and tissue engineering application for the elderly patients

    Perspective Chapter: The Role of Interferon Gamma in Clinical Medicine

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    Interferon gamma (IFN-Ξ³) is one of the key factors of both innate and adaptive immune response that promotes differentiation of naive CD4+ cells into effector Th1 T cells producing the main mediators of cellular immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections, and specific cytotoxic immunity through the interaction of T cells with antigen-presenting cells and macrophage activation. The clinical importance of IFN-Ξ³ includes its medical use to treat and prevent various viral and bacterial infections. IFN-Ξ³ has a direct antiviral effect on infected cells, activates local infiltrating dendritic cells, macrophages and NK cells, modulates the differentiation and maturation of T and B cells, and enhances inflammation and antiviral functions. Immunoregulatory effect of IFN-Ξ³ plays one of the essential roles in the regulation of adaptive immune response in patients with tuberculosis infection and cancer. Producing IFN-Ξ³ by T cells increases the efficiency of infiltrated phagocytic cells, by stimulating NO and maintaining local host defense during tuberculosis infection. The direct antitumor effect of IFN-Ξ³ revealed in several experimental models has numerous mechanisms for the effect of development. IFN-Ξ³ has crucial potential for enhancing any antiviral, antimycobacterial, and specific antitumor therapies
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