Body condition of Pseudis minuta Günther, 1858 (Anura: Hylidae) inhabiting an agroecosystem from south Santa Fe Province, Argentina

We present the first data on the body condition of P. minuta adults in a pond associated with an agroecosystem of the south Santa Fe Province, Argentina. Fieldwork was conducted from November 2012 to December 2013. Females and males did not differ in body condition, weight, nor length. However, males from December 2013 were in better condition than males from November 2012. Similarly, females from January 2013 were in better condition than those registered in November 2012. Our report provides for the first time an observation of the species in a landscape dominated by intensive agriculture in southern Santa Fe Province, corresponding to the Pampean region. Further studies should investigate habitat conditions and resources that allow the growth and development of this population of P. minuta in order to ensure its long-term permanence in the region.Fil: Vera Candioti, Josefina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Oliveros. Agencia de Extension Rural Venado Tuerto; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: D'andrea, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; ArgentinaFil: Brodeur, Celine Marie Julie. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Acute toxicity of chromium on Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (pisces: poeciliidae) (La toxicidad aguda del cromo en Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (pisces: poeciliidae))

Se evaluó la toxicidad aguda del Cr(VI) durante 96 h de exposición continua en ejemplares de madrecitas de agua, Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns 1842), pez ovovivíparo de amplia distribución neotropical. Se evaluó la CL50/24-96h por exposición a concentraciones de 0-45,5 mg L-1 de Cr(VI). Los resultados mostraron que la CL-50 alcanzó valores de 35,1, 27,5, 24,0 y 21,4 mg L-1 luego de 24, 48, 72 y 96 h de exposición, respectivamente. No se observó mortalidad tanto en los controles como en aquellos peces expuestos a 3,2 mg L-1. Sin embargo, dicho parámetro alcanzó valores del 63% en aquellos ejemplares expuestos a la mayor concentración luego de 24 h de exposición. Estos resultados sugieren que Cr(VI) podría ser utilizado control positivo en la evaluación de la toxicidad en peces, al menos cuando C. decemmaculatus es empleado como modelo experimental.AbstractThe acute toxicity of Cr(VI) upon 96 h of continuous exposure of the ten-spotted live-bearing fish Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns 1842) was evaluated (LC50/96h) in the concentration from 0 to 45.5 mg L-1 Cr(VI) and found to be 21 mg L-1; Upon 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure, the LC50 values are 35.1, 27.5, and 24.0 and 21.4 mg L-1, respectively. No mortality was observed for controls or for the fish exposed at 3.2 mg L-1. Mortality at the highest Cr(VI) concentration within 24 h exposure was 63 % Cr(VI) is suggested to be used as positive control agent in piscine toxicity assessment, at least when C. decemmaculatus is involved

Agroquímicos en Argentina : Genotoxicidad y citotoxicidad inducida por principios activos y sus formulaciones comerciales

One of the major goals of our research laboratory is to evaluate comparatively the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects exerted by several pure agrochemicals and their technical formulations commonly used in Argentina on vertebrate cells in vitro and in vivo. Among them are listed the herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4-D DMA®, dicamba and Banvel®, the fungicide zineb and Azzurro®, the insecticides carbofuran and Furadan®, pirimicarb and Aficida®, and the endectocide ivermectin and Ivomec®. The SCE, comet assay, micronuclei, chromosomal aberrations, cell-cycle progression, spindle disturbances, MTT and neutral red assays were used as end-points for geno and cytotoxicity. Overall, the results clearly demonstrated that the damage induced by the commercial formulations is in general greater than that produced by the pure pesticides, suggesting the presence of deleterious components in the excipients with a toxic additive effect over the pure agrochemicals. Accordingly, the results highlight that: 1) A complete knowledge of the toxic effect/s of the active ingredient is not enough in biomonitoring studies; 2) Pesticide/s toxic effect/s should be evaluated according to the commercial formulation available in market; 3) The deleterious effect/s of the excipient/s present within the commercial formulation should not be either discarded nor underestimated, and 4) A single bioassay is not enough to characterize the toxicity of a agrochemical under study.Uno de los objetivos principales de nuestro laboratorio es evaluar comparativamente los efectos geno-citotóxicos ejercidos in vitro e in vivo sobre células de vertebrados por principios activos de agroquímicos y sus formulaciones comerciales de uso masivo en Argentina. Entre los mismos caben mencionarse, los herbicidas 2,4-D y 2,4-D DMA®, dicamba y Banvel®, el fungicida zineb y Azzurro®, los insecticidas carbofurán y Furadan®, pirimicarb y Aficida®, como también el endectocida ivermectina e Ivomec®. Entre los bioensayos empleados para la cuantificación de efectos geno-citotóxicos, caben mencionarse a la frecuencia de intercambios de cromátidas hermanas, ensayo cometa, micronúcleos, aberraciones cromosómicas, progresión del ciclo celular, alteraciones del huso mitótico, ensayos de MTT y Rojo Neutro, entre otros. En general, los resultados ponen en evidencia que el daño inducido por las formulaciones comerciales es, en la mayoría de los casos, superior al ejercido por sus principios activos. Esto sugiere la presencia de componentes nocivos en los excipientes con un efecto geno y/o citotóxico aditivo. En consecuencia, los resultados destacan que: 1) El conocimiento completo del/os efecto/s tóxico/s de un principio activo de un agroquímico no es suficiente en estudios de biomonitoreo; 2) Los efectos geno y/o citotóxicos de un agroquímico deben ser evaluados de acuerdo a la formulación comercial disponible en el mercado; 3) El efecto nocivo/s del excipiente/s presente/s en la formulación comercial no debe ser descartada ni subestimada y 4) Un único bioensayo no es indicador suficiente para caracterizar la toxicidad de un agroquímico en estudio.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Agroquímicos en Argentina : Genotoxicidad y citotoxicidad inducida por principios activos y sus formulaciones comerciales

One of the major goals of our research laboratory is to evaluate comparatively the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects exerted by several pure agrochemicals and their technical formulations commonly used in Argentina on vertebrate cells in vitro and in vivo. Among them are listed the herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4-D DMA®, dicamba and Banvel®, the fungicide zineb and Azzurro®, the insecticides carbofuran and Furadan®, pirimicarb and Aficida®, and the endectocide ivermectin and Ivomec®. The SCE, comet assay, micronuclei, chromosomal aberrations, cell-cycle progression, spindle disturbances, MTT and neutral red assays were used as end-points for geno and cytotoxicity. Overall, the results clearly demonstrated that the damage induced by the commercial formulations is in general greater than that produced by the pure pesticides, suggesting the presence of deleterious components in the excipients with a toxic additive effect over the pure agrochemicals. Accordingly, the results highlight that: 1) A complete knowledge of the toxic effect/s of the active ingredient is not enough in biomonitoring studies; 2) Pesticide/s toxic effect/s should be evaluated according to the commercial formulation available in market; 3) The deleterious effect/s of the excipient/s present within the commercial formulation should not be either discarded nor underestimated, and 4) A single bioassay is not enough to characterize the toxicity of a agrochemical under study.Uno de los objetivos principales de nuestro laboratorio es evaluar comparativamente los efectos geno-citotóxicos ejercidos in vitro e in vivo sobre células de vertebrados por principios activos de agroquímicos y sus formulaciones comerciales de uso masivo en Argentina. Entre los mismos caben mencionarse, los herbicidas 2,4-D y 2,4-D DMA®, dicamba y Banvel®, el fungicida zineb y Azzurro®, los insecticidas carbofurán y Furadan®, pirimicarb y Aficida®, como también el endectocida ivermectina e Ivomec®. Entre los bioensayos empleados para la cuantificación de efectos geno-citotóxicos, caben mencionarse a la frecuencia de intercambios de cromátidas hermanas, ensayo cometa, micronúcleos, aberraciones cromosómicas, progresión del ciclo celular, alteraciones del huso mitótico, ensayos de MTT y Rojo Neutro, entre otros. En general, los resultados ponen en evidencia que el daño inducido por las formulaciones comerciales es, en la mayoría de los casos, superior al ejercido por sus principios activos. Esto sugiere la presencia de componentes nocivos en los excipientes con un efecto geno y/o citotóxico aditivo. En consecuencia, los resultados destacan que: 1) El conocimiento completo del/os efecto/s tóxico/s de un principio activo de un agroquímico no es suficiente en estudios de biomonitoreo; 2) Los efectos geno y/o citotóxicos de un agroquímico deben ser evaluados de acuerdo a la formulación comercial disponible en el mercado; 3) El efecto nocivo/s del excipiente/s presente/s en la formulación comercial no debe ser descartada ni subestimada y 4) Un único bioensayo no es indicador suficiente para caracterizar la toxicidad de un agroquímico en estudio.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Anuran responses to spatial patterns of agricultural landscapes in Argentina

Context: Amphibians are declining worldwide and land use change to agriculture is recognized as a leading cause. Argentina is undergoing an agriculturalization process with rapid changes in landscape structure. Objectives: We evaluated anuran response to landscape composition and configuration in two landscapes of east-central Argentina with different degrees of agriculturalization. We identified sensitive species and evaluated landscape influence on communities and individual species at two spatial scales. Methods: We compared anuran richness, frequency of occurrence, and activity between landscapes using call surveys data from 120 sampling points from 2007 to 2009. We evaluated anuran responses to landscape structure variables estimated within 250 and 500-m radius buffers using canonical correspondence analysis and multimodel inference from a set of candidate models. Results: Anuran richness was lower in the landscape with greater level of agriculturalization with reduced amount of forest cover and stream length. This pattern was driven by the lower occurrence and calling activity of seven out of the sixteen recorded species. Four species responded positively to the amount of forest cover and stream habitat. Three species responded positively to forest cohesion and negatively to rural housing. Two responded negatively to crop area and diversity of cover classes. Conclusions: Anurans within agricultural landscapes of east-central Argentina are responding to landscape structure. Responses varied depending on species and study scale. Life-history traits contribute to responses differences. Our study offers a better understanding of landscape effects on anurans and can be used for land management in other areas experiencing a similar agriculturalization process.Facultad de Ciencias ExactasCentro de Investigaciones del Medioambient

Anuran responses to spatial patterns of agricultural landscapes in Argentina

Context: Amphibians are declining worldwide and land use change to agriculture is recognized as a leading cause. Argentina is undergoing an agriculturalization process with rapid changes in landscape structure. Objectives: We evaluated anuran response to landscape composition and configuration in two landscapes of east-central Argentina with different degrees of agriculturalization. We identified sensitive species and evaluated landscape influence on communities and individual species at two spatial scales. Methods: We compared anuran richness, frequency of occurrence, and activity between landscapes using call surveys data from 120 sampling points from 2007 to 2009. We evaluated anuran responses to landscape structure variables estimated within 250 and 500-m radius buffers using canonical correspondence analysis and multimodel inference from a set of candidate models. Results: Anuran richness was lower in the landscape with greater level of agriculturalization with reduced amount of forest cover and stream length. This pattern was driven by the lower occurrence and calling activity of seven out of the sixteen recorded species. Four species responded positively to the amount of forest cover and stream habitat. Three species responded positively to forest cohesion and negatively to rural housing. Two responded negatively to crop area and diversity of cover classes. Conclusions: Anurans within agricultural landscapes of east-central Argentina are responding to landscape structure. Responses varied depending on species and study scale. Life-history traits contribute to responses differences. Our study offers a better understanding of landscape effects on anurans and can be used for land management in other areas experiencing a similar agriculturalization process.Facultad de Ciencias ExactasCentro de Investigaciones del Medioambient

Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay in the ten spotted live-bearer fish, Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns, 1842), as bioassay for agrochemical-induced genotoxicity

The ability of two 48 percent chlorpyrifos-based insecticides (Lorsban* 48E® and CPF Zamba®), two 50 percent pirimicarb-based insecticides (Aficida® and Patton Flow®), and two 48 percent glyphosate-based herbicides (Panzer® and Credit®) to induce DNA single-strand breaks in peripheral blood erythrocytes of Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns, 1842) (Pisces, Poeciliidae) exposed under laboratory conditions was evaluated by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay. In those fish exposed to Lorsban* 48E®, CPF Zamba®, Aficida®, Patton Flow®, Credit®, and Panzer®, a significant increase of the genetic damage was observed for all formulations regardless of the harvesting time. This genotoxic effect was achieved by an enhancement of Type II-IV comets and a concomitant decrease of Type 0-I comets over control values. A regression analysis revealed that the damage varied as a negative function of the exposure time in those Lorsban* 48E®- and Aficida®-treated fish. On the other hand, a positive correlation between damage increase and exposure time was achieved after Patton Flow® and Credit® treatment. Finally, no correlation was observed between increase in the genetic damage and exposure time after treatment with CPF Zamba® or Panzer®. These results highlight that all agrochemicals inflict primary genotoxic damage at the DNA level at sublethal concentrations, regardless of the exposure time of the aquatic organisms under study, at least within a period of 96 h of treatment.Fil: Vera Candioti, Josefina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Catedra de Citologia; ArgentinaFil: Soloneski, Sonia Maria Elsa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnológico la Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Catedra de Citologia; ArgentinaFil: Larramendy, Marcelo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnológico la Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Catedra de Citologia; Argentin

Pirimicarb-based formulation-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity on the fresh water fish Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns, 1842) (Pisces, Poeciliidae)

We analyzed the aspects of lethality, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity in the ten spotted live-bearer exposed under laboratory conditions to the pirimicarb-based formulation Patton Flow1 (50% active ingredient (a.i.)). Acute effects were evaluated using different end points for lethality, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity. Median lethal concentration (LC50) estimation was employed as a bioassay for lethality, whereas micronucleus (MN) induction and alterations in erythrocyte/erythroblast frequency were used as end points for genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, respectively. Results demonstrated an LC5096h value of 88 mg/L. Patton Flow1 increased the MN frequency in fish erythrocytes after 48 h of exposure at a concentration of 66 mg/L, whereas a concentration range of 22?66 mg/L was able to exert the same genotoxic effect at 96 h of treatment. Furthermore, cytotoxicity was also observed by alterations in erythrocyte/erythroblast frequencies within the concentration range of 22? 66 mg/L, regardless of the exposure time. Our current observations provide evidence that Patton Flow1 (50% a.i.) should be considered a clear lethal, cytotoxic, and genotoxic agent on Cnesterodon decemmaculatus. Thus, repeated applications of this carbamic insecticide can enter the aquatic environment and exert deleterious effects on aquatic organisms other than the evaluated species C. decemmaculatus.Fil: Vera Candioti, Josefina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.naturales y Museo. Laboratorio de Citogenetica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Soloneski, Sonia Maria Elsa. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.naturales y Museo. Laboratorio de Citogenetica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Larramendy, Marcelo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.naturales y Museo. Laboratorio de Citogenetica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentin

New record of Pseudis minuta Günther, 1858 (Anura: Hylidae) in South Santa Fe Province, Argentina

New record of Pseudis minuta Günther, 1858 (Anura: Hylidae) in South Santa Fe Province, ArgentinaFil: Vera Candioti, Josefina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Oliveros. Agencia de Extension Rural Venado Tuerto; ArgentinaFil: D'andrea, María Florencia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Brodeur, Celine Marie Julie. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Chlorpyrifos-based insecticides induced genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in the ten spotted live-bearer fish, Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns, 1842)

Mortality, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity of the 48% chlorpyrifos (CPF)-based formulations Lorsban* 48E® and CPF Zamba® were evaluated on Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns, 1842) (Pisces, Poeciliidae) under laboratory conditions. Induction of micronucleus (MN) and alterations in the erythrocyte/erythroblast frequencies were employed as end points for genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, respectively. For Lorsban* 48E®, mean values of 0.13 and 0.03 mg/L were determined for LC50 at 24 and 96 h, respectively, and these concentrations reached mean values of 0.40 and 0.21 mg/L for CPF Zamba®. Mortality values increased as a positive linear function of the CPF Zamba® concentrations, but not for Lorsban* 48E® concentrations. There was no significant relationship between mortality and exposure time within the 0–96 h period for both formulations. LC50 values indicated that the fish were seven fold more sensitive to Lorsban* 48E® than to CPF Zamba®. Lorsban* 48E® within the concentration range of 0.008–0.025 mg/L increased MN frequency at both 48 and 96 h of treatment. Similar results were also observed when fish were exposed to 0.052–0.155 mg/L of CPF Zamba®, regardless of the exposure time. Cellular cytotoxicity was found after Lorsban* 48E® and CPF Zamba® treatments for all concentrations and time exposures, estimated by a decrease in the frequency of mature erythrocytes and a concomitant enhanced frequency of erythroblasts in circulating blood. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that Lorsban* 48E® and CPF Zamba® should be considered as CPF-based commercial formulations with marked genotoxic and cytotoxic properties.Fil: Vera Candioti, Josefina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Cátedra de Citología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Soloneski, Sonia Maria Elsa. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Cátedra de Citología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Larramendy, Marcelo Luis. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Cátedra de Citología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin