Energy Expenditure and Hormone Responses in Humans After Overeating High-Fructose Corn Syrup Versus Whole-Wheat Foods

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to understand how the dietary source of carbohydrates, either high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or complex carbohydrates, affects energy expenditure (EE) measures, appetitive sensations, and hormones during 24 hours of overfeeding. METHODS: Seventeen healthy participants with normal glucose regulation had 24-hour EE measures and fasting blood and 24-hour urine collection during four different 1-day diets, including an energy-balanced diet, fasting, and two 75% carbohydrate diets (5% fat) given at 200% of energy requirements with either HFCS or whole-wheat foods as the carbohydrate source. In eight volunteers, hunger was assessed with visual analog scales the morning after the diets. RESULTS: Compared with energy balance, 24-hour EE increased 12.8% +/- 6.9% with carbohydrate overfeeding (P < 0.0001). No differences in 24-hour EE or macronutrient utilization were observed between the two high-carbohydrate diets; however, sleeping metabolic rate was higher after the HFCS diet (Delta = 35 +/- 48 kcal [146 +/- 200 kJ]; P = 0.01). Insulin, ghrelin, and triglycerides increased the morning after both overfeeding diets. Urinary cortisol concentrations (82.8 +/- 35.9 vs. 107.6 +/- 46.9 nmol/24 h; P = 0.01) and morning-after hunger scores (Delta = 2.4 +/- 2.0 cm; P = 0.01) were higher with HFCS overfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: The dietary carbohydrate source while overeating did not affect 24-hour EE, but HFCS overconsumption may predispose individuals to further overeating due to increased glucocorticoid release and increased hunger the following morning

Is Dietary Non-Adherence unique to obesity and weight loss? Results from a randomized clinical trial

Objective: Weight stigma is associated with poor dietary adherence, yet adherence is essential for weight loss and maintenance. This study aimed to determine differences in dietary adherence and perceived hunger between lean and two groups of individuals with obesity. Methods: In a 6-week outpatient dietary intervention (23males; age 48±14), lean participants (n=23; BMI 23±2 kg/m2 ) received a weight maintaining diet (WMEN) and participants with obesity (BMI 36±7) were randomized to either WMEN (n=18) or 35% calorie reduced (CR) diet (n=19). All food was provided and multiple All food was provided and multiple adherence and hunger ratings were assessed daily and weekly on an outpatient basis and in person at twice weekly visits (e.g. 24h recall, diaries, etc.). Results: Weight decreased more in individuals with obesity CR group (β=-0.301kg/week, p=0.02) compared to lean and individuals with obesity WMEN groups. However, total percent adherence did not differ between groups (p=0.60) and hunger scores did not change across groups over time (p=0.08). Conclusions: Results indicate there are no differences in dietary adherence between lean and individuals with obesity and adherence is not associated with adiposity or hunger. Thus, the belief that non-adherence (e.g. lack of willpower) is unique to obesity is untrue and may perpetuate weight bias and stigma

Is Dietary Nonadherence Unique to Obesity and Weight Loss? Results From a Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective: Weight stigma is associated with poor dietary adherence, yet adherence is essential for weight loss and maintenance. This study aimed to determine differences in dietary adherence and perceived hunger between lean and two groups of individuals with obesity. Methods: In a 6-week outpatient dietary intervention (23males; age 48±14), lean participants (n=23; BMI 23±2 kg/m2 ) received a weight maintaining diet (WMEN) and participants with obesity (BMI 36±7) were randomized to either WMEN (n=18) or 35% calorie reduced (CR) diet (n=19). All food was provided and multiple All food was provided and multiple adherence and hunger ratings were assessed daily and weekly on an outpatient basis and in person at twice weekly visits (e.g. 24h recall, diaries, etc.). Results: Weight decreased more in individuals with obesity CR group (β=-0.301kg/week, p=0.02) compared to lean and individuals with obesity WMEN groups. However, total percent adherence did not differ between groups (p=0.60) and hunger scores did not change across groups over time (p=0.08). Conclusions: Results indicate there are no differences in dietary adherence between lean and individuals with obesity and adherence is not associated with adiposity or hunger. Thus, the belief that non-adherence (e.g. lack of willpower) is unique to obesity is untrue and may perpetuate weight bias and stigma

Maternal Influence, Not Diabetic Intrauterine Environment, Predicts Children's Energy Intake

Offspring of women with diabetes during pregnancy are at increased risk of accelerated weight gain and diabetes, effects partly mediated by the in utero environment. Whether differences in energy intake can explain this increased risk is unknown. We compared diet composition, eating patterns, and physiological responses to a mixed meal in 63 nondiabetic children whose mothers developed diabetes either before (offspring of diabetic mothers, ODMs, n = 31, age 9.2 +/- 1.7 years, mean +/- s.d.) or after (offspring of prediabetic mothers, OPDMs, n = 32, 9.6 +/- 1.3 years) the pregnancy. After consuming a standardized diet for 3 days, participants ate ad libitum from a computer- operated vending machine stocked with foods they had rated favorably on a food preferences questionnaire. Mothers and children always ate together. A subset of 35 children underwent a meal test with blood draws to measure insulin and glucose. Children's energy intake was associated with age, sex, and percent body fat, and strongly with mother's energy intake (r = 0.57, P &lt; 0.0001). After adjustment for these variables, there were no differences between ODM and OPDM in energy intake or diet composition. The insulin area under the curve (AUC) following the meal test was significantly correlated with total energy intake but not after adjustment for the above covariates. Differences in energy intake were not observed between ODM and OPDM. Mother's energy intake was a significant predictor of children's energy intake. These findings indicate that in this subset of children in a controlled in- patient setting, maternal influence may outweigh intrauterine effects on energy intake

Reproducibility of ad libitum energy intake with the use of a computerized vending machine system123

Background: Accurate assessment of energy intake is difficult but critical for the evaluation of eating behavior and intervention effects. Consequently, methods to assess ad libitum energy intake under controlled conditions have been developed