A tuberculosis prevalence survey based on symptoms questioning and sputum examination

A sample survey was undertaken in Raichur district of Karnataka State to estimate the prevalence of bacteriologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis among symptomatics aged 15 years and above. A population of 72,448 persons was registered in a representative sample of 57 villages and 21 enumeration blocks. Of the 42,580 persons aged 15 years and above eligible for symptoms questioning, 40,657 (95.5%) were examined and 3,846 (9.5%) were found to be symptomatics and eligible for sputum examination. Sputum was collected from 3,685 (95.8%) of the 3,846 symptomatics, and subjected to bacteriological examination i.e., smear, culture and drug susceptibility. Certain important findings were as follows: (i) the number of symptomatics increased with increase in age, more often among males (11.9%) than among females (7.1%), (ii) the prevalence of tuberculosis, as assessed by smear and/or culture was 10.9 per 1,000 in population aged 15 years and above, (iii) the prevalence increased with age and was 3 times higher among males as compared to females, (iv) cough was found to be the predominant symptom among the symptomatics (87%) as well as among the cases detected (92%), (v) the prevalence rate based on smear examination of the sputum specimens, using the two microscopy methods (Ziehl-Neelsen and Fluorescence) was 7.6 per 1,000, (vi) culture examination of these specimens yielded 3.3 per 1,100 additional cases, (vii) both the microscopy methods were equally efficient in detecting smear positives, (vii) of the 355 culture positive cases, 17.7% were resistant to Streptomycin, 29.6% to Isoniazid and 7.6% to Rifampicin either alone or in combination with other drugs

Role of Big Data Analytics in Power System Application

Power system sector is the back bone for any country economic growth. In current years, electric power systems have experienced various challenges and technological innovations and have become digitalized with the introduction concept of smart grids. Power systems are being operated in a stressed condition mainly due to the ever increasing load demand, depleting energy resources and environmental constraints on Transmission line expansion. This article focus mainly role of Big Data in various industrialization in brief and specifically applied in the power system studies along with other sectors. Also focuses on using very large data collections, which are difficult to access in standard database systems and also refers to as big data, to manage and monitor the power system. System stability is an significant goal for power engineers to use this huge amount of data to run the system in their rated capacity, power sector can beneficial of various potential solicitation of power system by the use of large-scale data analysis that can help improve the optimization process and helps for the power system to operate in the effective manner