Common property resource management in Haryana state, India: analysis of the impact of participation in the management of common property resources and the relative effectiveness of common property regimes.

Common lands in Haryana State, India have suffered severe degradation, continuous erosion and are becoming transformed to open access regimes due to increasing population pressure. This has resulted in environmental damage on a wide scale and reduced welfare of the inhabitants of the region. Realising the enormity of the problem and the critical need to initiate action for greening the common lands, the government and the people came together to establish a participatory planning and development process at the village level.The purpose of this thesis is to examine the effectiveness of participation in managing common property resources. This was undertaken in two phases, firstly through analysis of empirical social and biological data, and secondly through the development of a mathematical model. Specific hypotheses addressed were: i) it is possible to define specific circumstances wherein the common property protects the natural resource base effectively; ii) there exists a level of complimentarity between common property resources and private property resources in the case study area; iii) that socio-economic and cultural factors favour converting open-access regimes to common property rather than to private property.People’s participation level was estimated after conducting a survey of 15 villages in Haryana. The survey results are used to examine institutional development and the government’s role as an enabler in establishing the common property regime. The results of the case study, show that clear benefits may be derived from common property regimes, are used to examine institutional development at the village level. A composite resource condition index is developed in order to measure the success of village institutions. The mechanisms and processes involved in assisting local people to establish common property regimes are also discussed. A mathematical programming model incorporating household dynamics and their interactions with both common property resources and private property resources is developed and scoping studies are conducted to analyse the impact of participation in the management of common property resources and the relative effectiveness of common property regimes

Age and gender distribution of patients undergoing teeth extraction: a retrospective study in a tertiary health care centre

Background: Tooth extraction remains a major commonly performed procedure in developing countries. Tooth loss affects mastication, speech, aesthetics and impairs the quality of life. The number of extracted teeth can serve as an indicator for socioeconomic status or oral hygiene level. It is essential to provide awareness regarding oral hygiene maintenance and early detection of dental problems to minimise extractions. The aim of the study was to investigate the age and gender distribution of patients undergoing extraction of teeth at GVPIHC and MT, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.Methods: In this retrospective study, case records of all patients who underwent dental extractions in the department of dentistry at Gayatri Vidya Parishad institute of health care and medical technology (GVPIHC and MT) from January 2021 to December 2021 were reviewed through random sampling. Inclusion criteria included dental extraction cases in the age group of 1year to 80 years. Incomplete data of extractions was excluded. Demographic details of patients like age and gender were recorded for 972 extraction cases that were included in the study. The data collected was entered in Microsoft excel, analysed through SPSS Software and was subjected to statistical analysis.Results: Among 972 extractions, females showed predominance over males. 21-30 years age group reported more extractions and 71-80 years age group the least. On comparing the association between age and gender, the results were statistically significant (Pearson’s chi square test, p<0.05). The age group of 11-20 years, 61-70 years and 71-80 years reported male predominance in contrast to the other age groups.Conclusions: Within the limits of present study, it can be concluded that the prevalence of dental extraction was more in females than males. The age group of 21-30 years recorded more number of extractions. This study will help us to create awareness and emphasize the importance of oral hygiene maintenance among people to prevent tooth loss at an early age

Tribology of alumina nano composites

The rapid development in the field of nano-particles over the past 20 years has driven tremendous advances in the field of nanotechnolgy. While there remains significant interest in the use of nano particles as fillers in polymer materials to enhance mechanical and physical properties, many research efforts are being carried out that focus on precise structures of nano-particles in polymers, including their assembly in arrays and along interfacial boundaries. The objective of this study is two fold 1. Preparation and characterization of alumina nano particles and 2. Tribological behavior of silicon carbide alumina nanocomposit

Possible Prevention of COVID 19 by Using Linoleic Acid (C18) Rich Algae Oil

With the rapid spread of COVID 19, people are being isolated in countries, and more than lakhs of people have been infecting by the coronavirus. The coronavirus is an airborne organism and highly infectious at short contact distances. The use of N95 respirators masks (high-efficiency) can protect people against the COVID 19, but the protective efficiency of masks is not high enough. A method of applying oil with rich amounts of linoleic acid in nostrils can prevent the spread of the virus. Macroalgal secondary metabolites have great potential for the development of new drugs and algae derived products largely employed in assorted industries, including agricultural, biomedical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Among different chemical components isolated from algae, oil components are the most attracting more and which were subjected to a variety of studies (antiviral potential of algae in pharmaceutical research). Algal oil and their components like linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid are playing a preventive role in the virus infection. In addition, different mechanisms of action have been reported for these linoleic acid (C18H32O2) components, such as inhibiting the binding virus into the host cells or suppressing virulence activity by destabilization of the bilayer of viral envelopes. Application of in controlling the virus entry is mainly depend on the properties like low surface tension, high-boiling point, high viscosity, immiscible with water and antivirus activity. This manuscript mainly discusses the possible physical-chemical mechanisms involved in the application of algal oil and other sources of oils component's role in prevention of viral spread. Among that we listed out various oil sources and their applications in controlling the virus activity. Further confirmed experimental and clinical results for the use of oils as nasal spray may finally contribute to preventing the spread of the coronavirus as soon as possible

Microwave assisted synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of 1,5-benzothiazepines as potential cytotoxic and antimicrobial agents

A series of 2,3-dihydro-2-(susbtituted)-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1,5-benzothiazepines (4a-v) have been synthesized evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities. Among the tested compounds for cytotoxicity using Brine shrimp lethality assay, compound 4q exhibited significant cytotoxicity at ED50 values 3.45±0.15 µg/mL. This level of activity was found comparable to that of the reference drug podophyllotoxin with ED50 value 3.61±0.17 µg/mL. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using agar well diffusion assay method against selected Gram-positive, Gram-negative and fungal strains. Among the compounds tested, 4q, 4r and 4l were found to be more active with MIC 16-32 µg/mL against all tested microorganisms

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro evaluation of some new 5-benzylidene-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione analogs as new class of α-glucosidase inhibitors

A series of 5-benzylidene-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives (5a-u) were synthesized and tested against α-glucosidase. Preparation of the titled compounds was achieved by reaction of (Z)-4-((2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)methyl)benzaldehyde (4) and aromatic/hetero aromatic ketone. Among the compounds tested, (5p) and (5o) were identified as the most active in vitro with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.56±0.81 and 8.92±0.21 µg/mL against α-glucosidase, respectively. Evaluation of the structure activity relationship of substituents within these series has followed the discovery of a variety of compounds

Fabrication and Characterization of Gliclazide Nanocrystals

Purpose: The main aim of the present investigation was to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble Gliclazide by nanocrystallization. Methods: In present investigation gliclazide nanocrystals were prepared by sonoprecipitation using Pluronic F68, Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA), Poly ethylene Glycol 6000 (PEG), Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidine (PVP K30) and Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) as stabilizers. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic study (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X ray diffraction (XRD) studies were conducted to study the drug interactions. Size and zeta potential of the nanocrystals were evaluated. In vitro and in vivo studies of nanocrystals were conducted in comparison to pure gliclazide. Results: The Gliclazide nanocrystals (GN) showed mean particle size of 131±7.7 nm with a zeta potential of -26.6 mV. Stable nanocrystals were formed with 0.5% of PEG 6000. FTIR, DSC and XRD studies of nanocrystals showed absence of interactions and polymorphism. SEM photographs showed a change in morphology of crystals from rod to irregular shape. There is an increase in the saturation solubility and the percentage drug release from formulation GN5 (Optimized Gliclazide Nanocrystals) was found to be 98.5 in 15 min. In the in vivo study, GN5 nanocrystals have reduced the blood glucose level to 296.4±4.26 mg/dl in 12 hr. The nanocrystals showed lower tmax and higher Cmax values as compared to pure gliclazide. Conclusion: The prepared nanocrystals of gliclazide were stable without any drug polymer interactions. Increase in the dissolution of nanocrystals compared to pure gliclazide and significant reduction in blood glucose level in vivo indicated better bioavailability of the nanocrystals. Therefore, it is concluded that nanocrystal technology can be a promising tool to improve solubility and hence dissolution of a hydrophobic drug