64 research outputs found
Hydrogen production, in: The role of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in delivering Energy Security for the UK
Green Hydrogen Characterisation Initiatives: Definitions, Standards, Guarantees Of Origin, And Challenges
Hydrogen can be produced from many different renewable and non-renewable feedstocks and technological pathways, with widely varying greenhouse gas emissions. For hydrogen to have a role in future low-carbon energy systems, it is necessary to demonstrate that it has sufficiently low carbon emissions. This paper explores how green hydrogen has been defined, reviews nascent green hydrogen characterisation initiatives, and highlights the main challenges that standards and guarantee of origin schemes must overcome to develop a market for green hydrogen.
Most existing green hydrogen initiatives are in Europe. In anticipation of a future market for green hydrogen, international standards are starting to be discussed by national and international standardisation organisations and policy makers. A range of approaches have been taken to defining green hydrogen and guarantees of origin. These vary on whether green hydrogen must be produced from renewable energy, on the boundaries of the carbon accounting system, the emission thresholds at which hydrogen is considered green, and on which feedstocks and production technologies are included in the scheme. Decisions on these factors are often influenced by other national and international standards, and the legal framework in which the green hydrogen supply chain operates
Principles of classical statistical mechanics: A perspective from the notion of complementarity
Quantum mechanics and classical statistical mechanics are two physical
theories that share several analogies in their mathematical apparatus and
physical foundations. In particular, classical statistical mechanics is
hallmarked by the complementarity between two descriptions that are unified in
thermodynamics: (i) the parametrization of the system macrostate in terms of
mechanical macroscopic observables ; and (ii) the dynamical
description that explains the evolution of a system towards the thermodynamic
equilibrium. As expected, such a complementarity is related to the uncertainty
relations of classical statistical mechanics . Here, is the Boltzmann's constant, are the restituting generalized forces
derived from the entropy of a closed system, which is
found in an equilibrium situation driven by certain control parameters
. These arguments constitute the central
ingredients of a reformulation of classical statistical mechanics from the
notion of complementarity. In this new framework, Einstein postulate of
classical fluctuation theory
appears as the correspondence principle between classical statistical mechanics
and thermodynamics in the limit , while the existence of
uncertainty relations can be associated with the non-commuting character of
certain operators.Comment: 8 pages, no figure; elsart style. Version accepted in Annals of
Physic
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