La participación laboral de la mujer en Castilla y León

El presente trabajo de fin de grado tiene como objetivo analizar el comportamiento de la participación laboral de la mujer en Castilla y León en el periodo temporal comprendido entre 2005 y 2017. En primer lugar, desde la perspectiva teórica y, posteriormente, realizando un análisis puramente descriptivo. Para ello, se comparan las tasas de actividad de ambos sexos a nivel regional y nacional, teniendo en cuenta la influencia de la edad, el estado civil y la formación; así como la distribución de los activos por sectores de actividad. En líneas generales, cabe destacar que la tasa de actividad femenina se ha incrementado a lo largo del periodo y que se ha reducido la diferencia respecto a la participación masculina. No obstante, a pesar de los avances en la sociedad y los cambios estructurales, aún sigue existiendo desigualdad entre ambos sexos. La lucha por la igualdad de género en el mercado laboral y fuera de éste, sigue siendo un reto indispensable para el futuro.The purpose of this final degree proyect is to analyze the behavior of women's labor participation in Castilla y León in the years 2005-2017. First, from the theoretical perspective and, later, realizing a descriptive analysis. To do this, the activity rates of both sexes at the regional and national levels are compared, taking into account the influence of age, taking into account the influence of age, marital status and training; as well as the distribution of assets by activity sectors. In general, it should be noted that the female activity rate has increased throughout the period and the differences with respect to males have been reduced. However, despite advances in society and structural changes, there is still inequality between both genders. The struggle for equality in the labor market and beyond, remains an indispensable challenge for the future.Departamento de Fundamentos del Análisis Económico e Historia e Instituciones EconómicasGrado en Economí

Characterization of the human DYRK1A promoter and its regulation by the transcription factor E2F1

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Overexpression of the human <it>DYRK1A </it>gene due to the presence of a third gene copy in trisomy 21 is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of Down syndrome. The observation of gene dosage effects in transgenic mouse models implies that subtle changes in expression levels can affect the correct function of the <it>DYRK1A </it>gene product. We have therefore characterized the promoter of the human <it>DYRK1A </it>gene in order to study its transcriptional regulation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Transcription start sites of the human <it>DYRK1A </it>gene are distributed over 800 bp within a region previously identified as an unmethylated CpG island. We have identified a new alternative noncoding 5'-exon of the <it>DYRK1A </it>gene which is located 772 bp upstream of the previously described transcription start site. Transcription of the two splicing variants is controlled by non-overlapping promoter regions that can independently drive reporter gene expression. We found no evidence of cell- or tissue-specific promoter usage, but the two promoter regions differed in their activity and their regulation. The sequence upstream of exon 1A (promoter region A) induced about 10-fold higher reporter gene activity than the sequence upstream of exon 1B (promoter region B). Overexpression of the transcription factor E2F1 increased <it>DYRK1A </it>mRNA levels in Saos2 and Phoenix cells and enhanced the activity of promoter region B three- to fourfold.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The identification of two alternatively spliced transcripts whose transcription is initiated from differentially regulated promoters regions indicates that the expression of the <it>DYRK1A </it>gene is subject to complex control mechanisms. The regulatory effect of E2F1 suggests that DYRK1A may play a role in cell cycle regulation or apoptosis.</p

Glycomacropeptide: Biological Activities and Uses

Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a milk-derived bioactive peptide that comprises 15–20% of proteins present in whey, being the third most abundant. It is released from κ-casein by enzymatic digestion, either physiologically or in industry during cheese making process. GMP has many biological activities that are of particular interest for the manufacture of novel functional foods. Specifically, health promoting activities of this whey peptide are related to: antimicrobial, anticariogenic, gastric acid inhibitory, cholecystokinin releasing, prebiotic, and immune modulatory. GMP is also a peptide with promising use in food industry, due to its nutritional value and its emulsifying, foaming, and gelling properties. Besides, GMP has received much attention due to its use as an indicator of milk adulteration with cheese whey. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge about biological activities of GMP, going in-depth in immune regulatory properties, exposes the potential uses of GMP in industry, and finally reviews different methods used to detect GMP as adulteration index with cheese whey

Parallel use of CID, HCD and ETD for characterization of proteic allergens found in pollensomes

Comunicaciones a congreso

iTRAQ-based quantitative analysis of protein mixtures with large fold change and dynamic range

Comunicaciones a congreso

Revisiting molecular weight distribution of polystyrenes using adsorption highperformance thin-layer chromatography

A repeatable separation of polystyrenes according to MW, from 1920 to 520000 u.m.a, has been obtained under adsorption conditions using a method that comprises the use of Lichrospher HPTLC plates, and a controlled, isocratic elution with a 78:22 (v/v) mixture of cyclohexane (Cy)-tetrahydrofuran (THF). Likewise, UV-densitometric quantification of polystyrenes in mixtures can be achieved, by an intra-plate or an inter-plate procedure, using the corresponding polystyrene calibration curve. In the case or overlapped, unresolved peaks, an average curve of the corresponding polystyrenes can be used. Migration of polystyrenes strongly varies with slight variations in the relative proportion of Cy and THF in the mobile phase. This allows different ranges of MW to be separated as a function of mobile phase composition. Other factors influencing repeatability have been identified. Some reasons have been advanced to explain the current lack of activity in the research on polymer characterization by HPTLC. Old literature results concerning polystyrene separation have also been discussed in the light of modern HPTLC instrumentation. Developed method provides similar information on Molecular Weight Distribution (MWD) to that obtained using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). Advantages and limitations of HPTLC for obtaining polymer MWD have also been discussed.Authors thank the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) and FEDER (UE) for financial support (Plan Nacional de I+D+I, project CTQ2008-00959)Peer reviewe

Prácticas habituales de las matronas en el parto en los hospitales públicos de Barcelona

Objetivo: Conocer cuáles son las actividades y prácticas realizadas por las matronas, según el nivel de complejidad hospitalario nivel I (hospital comarcal), nivel II (hospital de referencia) y nivel III (de alta tecnología). Diseño: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Personas y método: Matronas de hospitales públicos de la provincia de Barcelona que trabajaban en sala de partos. Como instrumento de recogida de datos se diseñó un cuestionario distribuido a todos los hospitales entre di-ciembre de 2004 y febrero de 2005. Las principales va-riables del estudio fueron sociodemográficas, actividades realizadas por las matronas y percepción del propio rol. Resultados: Se estudiaron 135 matronas procedentes de 18 hospitales. La media de edad fue de 44,6 años (DE= 8,45), y la media de experiencia profesional de 19,9 años (DE= 10,24). Los partos eutócicos son atendidos por las matronas en un 43,6% (58) y en los hospitales de nivel I con un 81,1% (30). El hecho de efectuar el diagnóstico de parto y el control de dilatación ejercido por la matrona fue distinto según el nivel de hospital (p <0,001). Respecto a las actividades protocolizadas (control de la dilatación, realización de ventanas de monitorización cardiotocográfica), no se reflejaron diferencias entre los distintos niveles de atención hospitalaria. En cuanto a las actividades y la educación sanitaria en el puerperio, destaca la poca presencia de las matronas en las salas maternoinfantiles. Las matronas definieron su rol como profesionales que ejer-cen por igual tareas autónomas como delegadas (63,4% (83), no existiendo variabilidad entre tipos de hospitales. Conclusión: Las actividades realizadas por las matronas en el diagnóstico, atención al parto eutócico y control puerperal difieren entre los distintos niveles de atención hospitalaria, siendo menores cuanto mayor es el nivel del hospital

Estudio comparativo del uso de distintos compuestos para estabilizar proteicamente a los vinos

En este trabajo se han sintetizado materiales para sustituir a la bentonita, uno de los cuales probaremos en este proyecto. El objetivo de este proyecto es realizar un estudio comparativo de un nuevo material (nonoesponjas) frente a la bentonita usada normalmente para conseguir la estabilización proteica de los vinos blancos. Para ello, mosto de la variedad Sauvignon (variedad problematica proteicamente) se repartirá en varios depósitos a los que se les inoculará levadura seleccionada. Una vez comenzada la fermentación, se añadirán diferentes concentraciones de bentonita y nanoesponja a los distintos depósitos. Además, se realizará una fermentación en un volumen mayor como control y para estudiar en el vino acabado los mismos tratamientos. Se llevará a cabo un seguimiento de la fermentación, midiendo diariamente temperatura y densidad. Al acabar la fermentación, los vinos obtenidos de los tratamientos con bentonita y nanoesponjas se decantan. De estos vinos se toman alícuotas para realizar diferentes análisis. El vino obtenido en el deposito grande se repartirá en distintos depósitos a los que se les adicionara bentonita y nanoesponjas. Con este estudio se quiere determinar si hay diferencias en la efectividad del tratamiento en función del momento de adición (en el mosto o en el vino obtenido al acabar la fermentación alcohólica). En todos los vinos obtenidos tras los tratamientos, se estudiarán los parámetros clásicos enológicos, los aromas y los parámetros que nos permiten determinar si los vinos estan estables tanto a nivel de proteínas como de bitartrato. Se usarán técnicas de análisis clásicos y cromatografía líquida y gaseos

A Step Forward to the Characterization of Secondary Effuents to Predict Membrane Fouling in a Subsequent Ultrafiltration

[EN] Nowadays, wastewater reuse in Mediterranean countries is necessary to cover the water demand. This contributes to the protection of the environment and encourages the circular economy. Due to increasingly strict regulation, the secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant requires further (tertiary) treatment to reach enough quality for its reuse in agriculture. Ultrafiltration is a membrane technique suitable for tertiary treatment. However, the most important drawback of ultrafiltration is membrane fouling. The aim of this work is to predict membrane fouling and ultrafiltered wastewater permeate quality for a particular membrane, using the information given by an exhaustive secondary effluent characterization. For this, ultrafiltration of real and simulated wastewaters and of their components after fractionation has been performed. In order to better characterize the secondary effluent, resin fractionation and further membrane ultrafiltration of the generated fractions and wastewater were performed. The results indicated that hydrophobic substances were lower than hydrophilic ones in the secondary effluent. Supelite DAX-8, Amberlite XAD-4 and Amberlite IRA-958 resins were found not to be specific for humic acids, proteins and carbohydrates, which are the main components of the effluent organic matter. Two models have been performed using statistics (partial least squares, PLS) and an artificial neural network (ANN), respectively. The results showed that the ANN model predicted permeate quality and membrane fouling with higher accuracy than PLS.This study was funded by Generalitat Valenciana (Project AICO 18/319).Anderson-Alejandro Benites-Zelaya; Soler Cabezas, JL.; Ferrer-Polonio, E.; Mendoza Roca, JA.; Vincent Vela, MC. (2020). A Step Forward to the Characterization of Secondary Effuents to Predict Membrane Fouling in a Subsequent Ultrafiltration. Water. 12(7):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12071975S117127European Commission—Environmenthttps://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/reuse.htmRippey, S. R., & Watkins, W. D. (1992). Comparative Rates of Disinfection of Microbial Indicator Organisms in Chlorinated Sewage Effluents. Water Science and Technology, 26(9-11), 2185-2189. doi:10.2166/wst.1992.0693Mounaouer, B., & Abdennaceur, H. (2016). Modeling and kinetic characterization of wastewater disinfection using chlorine and UV irradiation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(19), 19861-19875. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7173-4Hijnen, W. A. M., Beerendonk, E. F., & Medema, G. J. (2006). Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: A review. 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Water Supply, 3(4), 161-168. doi:10.2166/ws.2003.0058Illueca-Muñoz, J., Mendoza-Roca, J. A., Iborra-Clar, A., Bes-Piá, A., Fajardo-Montañana, V., Martínez-Francisco, F. J., & Bernácer-Bonora, I. (2008). Study of different alternatives of tertiary treatments for wastewater reclamation to optimize the water quality for irrigation reuse. Desalination, 222(1-3), 222-229. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.157Delgado, S., Dı́az, F., Vera, L., Dı́az, R., & Elmaleh, S. (2004). Modelling hollow-fibre ultrafiltration of biologically treated wastewater with and without gas sparging. Journal of Membrane Science, 228(1), 55-63. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2003.09.011Filloux, E., Labanowski, J., & Croue, J. P. (2012). Understanding the fouling of UF/MF hollow fibres of biologically treated wastewaters using advanced EfOM characterization and statistical tools. Bioresource Technology, 118, 460-468. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.081Shon, H. K., Vigneswaran, S., & Snyder, S. A. (2006). Effluent Organic Matter (EfOM) in Wastewater: Constituents, Effects, and Treatment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 36(4), 327-374. doi:10.1080/10643380600580011Wang, Z.-P., & Zhang, T. (2010). Characterization of soluble microbial products (SMP) under stressful conditions. Water Research, 44(18), 5499-5509. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.067Ferrer-Polonio, E., White, K., Mendoza-Roca, J. A., & Bes-Piá, A. (2018). The role of the operating parameters of SBR systems on the SMP production and on membrane fouling reduction. Journal of Environmental Management, 228, 205-212. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.036Ferrer-Polonio, E., Fernández-Navarro, J., Alonso-Molina, J. L., Bes-Piá, A., & Mendoza-Roca, J. A. (2018). Influence of organic matter type in wastewater on soluble microbial products production and on further ultrafiltration. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 93(11), 3284-3291. doi:10.1002/jctb.5689Leenheer, J. A. (1981). Comprehensive approach to preparative isolation and fractionation of dissolved organic carbon from natural waters and wastewaters. Environmental Science & Technology, 15(5), 578-587. doi:10.1021/es00087a010Imai, A., Fukushima, T., Matsushige, K., Kim, Y.-H., & Choi, K. (2002). Characterization of dissolved organic matter in effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Water Research, 36(4), 859-870. doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00283-4Zheng, X., Khan, M. T., & Croué, J.-P. (2014). Contribution of effluent organic matter (EfOM) to ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling: Isolation, characterization, and fouling effect of EfOM fractions. Water Research, 65, 414-424. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.039Ferrer-Polonio, E., McCabe, M., Mendoza-Roca, J. A., & Vincent-Vela, M.-C. (2018). Fractionation of secondary effluents of wastewater treatment plants in view of the evaluation of membrane fouling in a further ultrafiltration step. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 93(5), 1495-1501. doi:10.1002/jctb.5520Chaloulakou, A., Grivas, G., & Spyrellis, N. (2003). Neural Network and Multiple Regression Models for PM10 Prediction in Athens: A Comparative Assessment. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 53(10), 1183-1190. doi:10.1080/10473289.2003.10466276Kalogirou, S. A. (2000). Applications of artificial neural-networks for energy systems. Applied Energy, 67(1-2), 17-35. doi:10.1016/s0306-2619(00)00005-2Hamed, M. M., Khalafallah, M. G., & Hassanien, E. A. (2004). Prediction of wastewater treatment plant performance using artificial neural networks. Environmental Modelling & Software, 19(10), 919-928. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2003.10.005Shon, H. K., Vigneswaran, S., Kim, I. S., Cho, J., & Ngo, H. H. (2006). Fouling of ultrafiltration membrane by effluent organic matter: A detailed characterization using different organic fractions in wastewater. Journal of Membrane Science, 278(1-2), 232-238. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2005.11.006Marhaba, T. F. (2000). Fluorescence Technique for Rapid Identification of DOM Fractions. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 126(2), 145-152. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2000)126:2(145)Teodosiu, C. (2000). Neural network models for ultrafiltration and backwashing. Water Research, 34(18), 4371-4380. doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00217-7Delgrange-Vincent, N., Cabassud, C., Cabassud, M., Durand-Bourlier, L., & Laîné, J. M. (2000). Neural networks for long term prediction of fouling and backwash efficiency in ultrafiltration for drinking water production. Desalination, 131(1-3), 353-362. doi:10.1016/s0011-9164(00)90034-1Vincent Vela, M. C., Álvarez Blanco, S., Lora García, J., & Bergantiños Rodríguez, E. (2009). Analysis of membrane pore blocking models adapted to crossflow ultrafiltration in the ultrafiltration of PEG. Chemical Engineering Journal, 149(1-3), 232-241. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2008.10.027Zuriaga-Agustí, E., Bes-Piá, A., Mendoza-Roca, J. A., & Alonso-Molina, J. L. (2013). Influence of extraction methods on proteins and carbohydrates analysis from MBR activated sludge flocs in view of improving EPS determination. Separation and Purification Technology, 112, 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2013.03.048Frølund, B., Palmgren, R., Keiding, K., & Nielsen, P. H. (1996). Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin. Water Research, 30(8), 1749-1758. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(95)00323-1Juang, L.-C., Tseng, D.-H., Chen, Y.-M., Semblante, G. U., & You, S.-J. (2013). The effect soluble microbial products (SMP) on the quality and fouling potential of MBR effluent. Desalination, 326, 96-102. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2013.07.005Ayache, C., Pidou, M., Croué, J. P., Labanowski, J., Poussade, Y., Tazi-Pain, A., … Gernjak, W. (2013). Impact of effluent organic matter on low-pressure membrane fouling in tertiary treatment. Water Research, 47(8), 2633-2642. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.043Barker, D. J., & Stuckey, D. C. (1999). A review of soluble microbial products (SMP) in wastewater treatment systems. Water Research, 33(14), 3063-3082. doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(99)00022-6Haberkamp, J., Ernst, M., Böckelmann, U., Szewzyk, U., & Jekel, M. (2008). Complexity of ultrafiltration membrane fouling caused by macromolecular dissolved organic compounds in secondary effluents. Water Research, 42(12), 3153-3161. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.03.007Yigit, N. O., Harman, I., Civelekoglu, G., Koseoglu, H., Cicek, N., & Kitis, M. (2008). Membrane fouling in a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor operated under various conditions. Desalination, 231(1-3), 124-132. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2007.11.041Yammine, S., Rabagliato, R., Vitrac, X., Mietton Peuchot, M., & Ghidossi, R. (2019). Selecting ultrafiltration membranes for fractionation of high added value compounds from grape pomace extracts. OENO One, 53(3). doi:10.20870/oeno-one.2019.53.3.2343Babcock, J. J., & Brancaleon, L. (2013). Bovine serum albumin oligomers in the E- and B-forms at low protein concentration and ionic strength. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 53, 42-53. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.10.030Zirnsak, M. A., & Boger, D. V. (1998). Axisymmetric entry flow of semi-dilute xanthan gum solutions: prediction and experiment. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 79(2-3), 105-136. doi:10.1016/s0377-0257(98)00104-9Corbatón-Báguena, M.-J., Álvarez-Blanco, S., & Vincent-Vela, M.-C. (2015). Fouling mechanisms of ultrafiltration membranes fouled with whey model solutions. Desalination, 360, 87-96. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2015.01.019Maruyama, T., Katoh, S., Nakajima, M., & Nabetani, H. (2001). Mechanism of bovine serum albumin aggregation during ultrafiltration. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 75(2), 233-238. doi:10.1002/bit.10001Soler-Cabezas, J. L., Torà-Grau, M., Vincent-Vela, M. C., Mendoza-Roca, J. A., & Martínez-Francisco, F. J. (2014). Ultrafiltration of municipal wastewater: study on fouling models and fouling mechanisms. Desalination and Water Treatment, 56(13), 3427-3437. doi:10.1080/19443994.2014.969320Vela, M. C. V., Blanco, S. Á., García, J. L., & Rodríguez, E. B. (2008). Analysis of membrane pore blocking models applied to the ultrafiltration of PEG. Separation and Purification Technology, 62(3), 489-498. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2008.02.028Mah, S.-K., Chuah, C.-K., Cathie Lee, W. P., & Chai, S.-P. (2012). Ultrafiltration of palm oil–oleic acid–glycerin solutions: Fouling mechanism identification, fouling mechanism analysis and membrane characterizations. Separation and Purification Technology, 98, 419-431. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2012.07.020Saha, S., & Das, C. (2015). Analysis of Fouling Characteristics and Flux Decline during Humic Acids Batch Ultrafiltration. Journal of Chemical Engineering & Process Technology, 06(05). doi:10.4172/2157-7048.1000252Acero, J. L., Benitez, F. J., Leal, A. I., Real, F. J., & Teva, F. (2010). Membrane filtration technologies applied to municipal secondary effluents for potential reuse. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 177(1-3), 390-398. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.045Muthukumaran, S., Nguyen, D. A., & Baskaran, K. (2011). Performance evaluation of different ultrafiltration membranes for the reclamation and reuse of secondary effluent. Desalination, 279(1-3), 383-389. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2011.06.040Pao, H.-T. (2008). A comparison of neural network and multiple regression analysis in modeling capital structure. Expert Systems with Applications, 35(3), 720-727. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2007.07.01