Die Zulässigkeit von betrieblichen Absprachen, dargestellt am Beispiel einer Standortvereinbarung

"Der Standort Deutschland wird von vielen Unternehmen nicht zuletzt wegen der hohen Lohnnebenkosten immer häufiger in Frage gestellt. Ausgangspunkt der Kritik ist die Starrheit des Verbandstarifvertrags. Um der Kartellwirkung dieses Tarifvertrags zu entgehen, werden verschiedene Regelungsinstrumente diskutiert. Bei der tarifgebundenen Fa. Viessmann kam es zwischen der Geschäftsleitung und dem Betriebsrat zu einer formlosen Absprache (sogenanntes "Bündnis für Arbeit") und anschließenden arbeitsvertraglichen Vereinbarungen. Ziel war die Sicherung des deutschen Standorts. Die Absprache zwischen den Betriebspartnern unterliegt dabei aber im Hinblick auf die grundsätzlich begrenzte Regelungsmacht des Betriebsrats rechtlichen Bedenken. Das gilt weniger für die drittbegünstigenden Regelungen, wonach die Firma für die Laufzeit der Vereinbarung auf betriebsbedingte Kündigungen ebenso verzichtete wie auf eine Verlagerung der Produktion ins Ausland. Viel problematischer ist die Anhebung der Wochenarbeitszeit bei gleichzeitigem Lohnverzicht der Arbeitnehmer und zwar gegen des Vorbehalts des Tarifvertrags. Auch die individualvertragliche Lohnverzichtvereinbarung ist wegen des Günstigkeitsprinzips für die tarifgebundenen Arbeitnehmer bedenklich. Das Regelungsinstrument erweist sich damit als ungeeignet für die Beschäftigungssicherung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku

Neue Perspektiven im Vormundschafts- und Pflegschaftsrecht : 9. Göttinger Workshop zum Familienrecht 2010

Der vorliegende Band enthält die Referate des am 10. Dezember 2010 veranstalteten 9. Göttinger Workshops zum Familienrecht, der die aktuelle Novellierung des Vormundschaftsrechts zum Gegenstand hatte. Den Auftakt bildete die Darstellung des Reformbedarfs im Vormundschafts- und Pflegschaftsrecht (Gisela Zenz), gefolgt von der Erläuterung des Gesetzentwurfs der Bundesregierung (Thomas Meyer). Im Anschluss wurde der Frage nachgegangen, ob und inwieweit das Betreuungsrecht als Vorbild für das neue Vormundschaftsrecht herangezogen werden kann (Dieter Schwab). Einen Perspektivwechsel weg vom Gesetzgeber und hin zum Mündel forderte der nachfolgende Beitrag, der die Auswahl des passenden Vormunds für den individuellen Mündel thematisierte (Barbara Seidenstücker). Abschließend wurden die strukturellen Probleme auf Seiten der Jugendämter aufgezeigt (Hans-Werner Pütz) und das im Gesetzgebungsverfahren vernachlässigte Problem beleuchtet, welche Konsequenzen sich aus dem Gesetzentwurf für die Ergänzungspflegschaft ergeben (Thomas Meysen)

Towards a realistic GaAs-spin qubit device for a classical error-corrected quantum memory

Based on numerically-optimized real-device gates and parameters we study the performance of the phase-flip (repetition) code on a linear array of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) quantum dots hosting singlet-triplet qubits. We first examine the expected performance of the code using simple error models of circuit-level and phenomenological noise, reporting, for example, a circuit-level depolarizing noise threshold of approximately 3%. We then perform density-matrix simulations using a maximum-likelihood and minimum-weight matching decoder to study the effect of real-device dephasing, read-out error, quasi-static as well as fast gate noise. Considering the trade-off between qubit read-out error and dephasing time (T2) over measurement time, we identify a sub-threshold region for the phase-flip code which lies within experimental reach.Comment: 22 page

Reform des familiengerichtlichen Verfahrens / 1. Familienrechtliches Forum Göttingen

Dieser Band dokumentiert die Vorträge des ersten „Familienrechtlichen Forums Göttingen“, das am 28. Juni 2008 stattgefunden hat. Unmittelbar vor dem Abschluss des Gesetzgebungsverfahrens erörterten Experten aus Wissenschaft, Politik und Praxis das im September 2009 in Kraft tretende „Gesetz über das Verfahren in Familiensachen und in den Angelegenheiten der freiwilligen Gerichtsbarkeit“ (FamFG). Der Band enthält einen Überblick über die Grundzüge des neuen Familienverfahrensrechts sowie Analysen und Stellungnahmen zu einzelnen Bereichen. Dabei werden schwerpunktmäßig das neue Rechtsmittel- und Vollstreckungssystem, das Hinwirken auf Einvernehmen, das Vermittlungsverfahren, der Verfahrensbeistand, der Umgangspfleger und das Verfahren bei Kindeswohlgefährdung behandelt. Darüber hinaus wird eine interdisziplinäre Perspektive durch die soziologische Einordnung der derzeitigen Reformen in den Kontext der allgemeinen Familien- und Sozialpolitik eröffnet

Die große Vormundschaftsreform - 16. Göttinger Workshop zum Familienrecht 2018

This volume brings together the presentations of the 16th Göttingen Workshop on Family Law held on 19 October 2018, which dealt with the latest proposals of the Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection on the reform of guardianship law (2nd draft discussion section). At the beginning, the main changes were presented (Thomas Meyer, Heike Wunderlich) before the basic concept of guardianship responsibility in the area of personal care was examined from the perspective of science (Dieter Schwab), child and youth welfare (Helga Oberloskamp) and family jurisdiction (Werner Dürbeck). This was followed by a closer look at the basic principles of the guardian’s asset care (Tobias Fröschle) as well as the guardian's obligation to obtain approval for dispositions of claims and securities (Dagmar Zorn)

Surfactant Protein D modulates allergen particle uptake and inflammatory response in a human epithelial airway model

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Allergen-containing subpollen particles (SPP) are released from whole plant pollen upon contact with water or even high humidity. Because of their size SPP can preferentially reach the lower airways where they come into contact with surfactant protein (SP)-D. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of SP-D in a complex three-dimensional human epithelial airway model, which simulates the most important barrier functions of the epithelial airway. The uptake of SPP as well as the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was investigated.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>SPP were isolated from timothy grass and subsequently fluorescently labeled. A human epithelial airway model was built by using human Type II-pneumocyte like cells (A549 cells), human monocyte derived macrophages as well as human monocyte derived dendritic cells. The epithelial cell model was incubated with SPP in the presence and absence of surfactant protein D. Particle uptake was evaluated by confocal microscopy and advanced computer-controlled analysis. Finally, human primary CD4⁺T-Cells were added to the epithelial airway model and soluble mediators were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay or bead array.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>SPP were taken up by epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. This uptake coincided with secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. SP-D modulated the uptake of SPP in a cell type specific way (e.g. increased number of macrophages and epithelial cells, which participated in allergen particle uptake) and led to a decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results display a possible mechanism of how SP-D can modulate the inflammatory response to inhaled allergen.</p

Antigen-Specific versus Non-Antigen-Specific Immunoadsorption in ABO-Incompatible Renal Transplantation

Introduction: ABO-incompatible (ABOi) renal transplantation (RTx) from living donors is an established procedure to expand the donor pool for patients with end stage renal disease. Immunoadsorption (IA) is a standard procedure for the removal of preformed antibodies against the allograft. In this study, antigen-specific and non-antigen-specific IA in ABOi RTx were compared. Patients and Methods: 10 patients underwent antigen-specific IA (Glycosorb group) and 13 patients non-antigen-specific IA (Immunosorba group). The effects of both procedures regarding antibody reduction, number of treatments, complications, costs, as well as the allograft function and patient survival were compared between both groups. Results: Although the IgG levels were reduced equally by both procedures (p=0.82), the reduction of the IgM level was more effective in the Glycosorb group (p=0.0172). Patients in both groups required a median number of 6 IA before ABOi RTx. Allograft function at one year after AB0i RTx was similar in both groups (estimated glomerular filtration rate: 66 vs. 64 ml/min/1.73m² respectively), with a death-censored graft survival of 90.0% and 92.3% respectively. Complication rates did not differ between procedures. Due to the reuse of non-antigen-specific Immunosorba columns, costs were considerably lower in this group; however, the use of the Immunosorba-based IA was less time-efficient. Conclusion: Considering upcoming alternatives as simultaneous performance of dialysis and IA or a possible reuse of Glycosorb columns, this might become less relevant in the future

Sleep duration in preschool age and later behavioral and cognitive outcomes:an individual participant data meta-analysis in five European cohorts

Data de publicació electrònica: 07-02-2023Short sleep duration has been linked to adverse behavioral and cognitive outcomes in schoolchildren, but few studies examined this relation in preschoolers. We aimed to investigate the association between parent-reported sleep duration at 3.5 years and behavioral and cognitive outcomes at 5 years in European children. We used harmonized data from five cohorts of the European Union Child Cohort Network: ALSPAC, SWS (UK); EDEN, ELFE (France); INMA (Spain). Associations were estimated through DataSHIELD using adjusted generalized linear regression models fitted separately for each cohort and pooled with random-effects meta-analysis. Behavior was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Language and non-verbal intelligence were assessed by the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence or the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. Behavioral and cognitive analyses included 11,920 and 2981 children, respectively (34.0%/13.4% of the original sample). In meta-analysis, longer mean sleep duration per day at 3.5 years was associated with lower mean internalizing and externalizing behavior percentile scores at 5 years (adjusted mean difference: - 1.27, 95% CI [- 2.22, - 0.32] / - 2.39, 95% CI [- 3.04, - 1.75]). Sleep duration and language or non-verbal intelligence showed trends of inverse associations, however, with imprecise estimates (adjusted mean difference: - 0.28, 95% CI [- 0.83, 0.27] / - 0.42, 95% CI [- 0.99, 0.15]). This individual participant data meta-analysis suggests that longer sleep duration in preschool age may be important for children's later behavior and highlight the need for larger samples for robust analyses of cognitive outcomes. Findings could be influenced by confounding or reverse causality and require replication.Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This research (LifeCycle Project ID: ECCNLC201914) was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement N: 733206, LifeCycle project. Kathrin Guerlich was granted a LifeCycle Fellowship (Grant Agreement N: 733206, LifeCycle project). Berthold Koletzko is the Else Kröner Seniorprofessor of Paediatrics at LMU – University of Munich, financially supported by Else Kröner-Fresenius-Foundation, LMU Medical Faculty and LMU University Hospital. Deborah A Lawlor and Ahmed Elhakeem work in a Unit that receives support from the University of Bristol and UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011/6). Deborah A Lawlor is a British Heart Foundation Chair (CH/F/20/90003) and a National Institute of Health Research Senior Investigator (NF-0616–10102). Mònica Guxens is funded by a Miguel Servet II fellowship (CPII18/00018) awarded by the Spanish Institute of Health Carlos III. Jordi Julvez holds Miguel Servet-II contract (CPII19/00015) awarded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Co-funded by European Social Fund "Investing in your future"). Tim Cadman was funded a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship. Funding details for each cohort are provided in Online Resource 1. No funder had any influence on the study design, data collection, statistical analyses or interpretation of findings. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily of any funders