Closed source experimental system for soft x-ray spectroscopy of radioactive materials

An instrumental and experimental setup for soft x-ray spectroscopy meeting the requirements of a closed source for radioactivity is described. The system consists of a vacuum sealed cell containing the sample, mounted on a tubing system to ensure compatibility with most standard manipulators. The soft x rays penetrate a thin x-ray window separating the interior of the cell from the vacuum in the experimental chamber. Our first results for single crystal PuO2 confirm the feasibility of experiments using the setup. The results are consistent with results of first principles calculations and previously recorded spectra obtained using a standard open source setup. The results show that the closed source experimental system can be used to collect valuable experimental data from radioactive materials. c 2008 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2991109

Correlation coefficients for more than one scale type: An alternative to the Janson and Vegelius approach

mixed levels of measurement, association coefficients,