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Not AvailableWith the advent of recombinant DNA technology, cloning and expression of numerous mammalian genes in different systems have been explored to produce many therapeutics and vaccines for human and animals in the form of recombinant proteins. But selection of the suitable expression system depends on productivity, bioactivity, purpose and physicochemical characteristics of the protein of interest. However, large scale production of recombinant proteins is still an art in spite of increased qualitative and quantitative demand for these proteins. Researchers are constantly challenged to improve and optimise the existing expression systems, and also to develop novel approaches to face the demands of producing the complex proteins. Here, we concisely review the most frequently used conventional and alternative host systems, with their unique features, along with advantages and disadvantages and their potential applications for the production of recombinant products.Not Availabl

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Not AvailablePeste des petits ruminants (PPR), a viral disease of goats and sheep caused by a morbillivirus of the family paramyxoviridae is a major threat to small ruminant farming. Global announcement of PPR eradication by 2030 has opened lot of research gaps for the development of vaccines and diagnostics for differentiating infected and vaccinated animals. With the advent of recombinant DNA technology, recombinant protein based vaccines and/or diagnostics are being tested in various heterologous systems across the globe for development of vaccines and/or diagnostic antigens. The recombinant viral proteins, virus like particle based vaccines, bivalent/multivalent vaccines, recombinant viral vectored vaccines, RNA interference as a therapy, suicidal DNAs, synthetic epitopes and peptides, reverse genetics, anti idiotypic antibody based vaccines and helper cell dependent diagnostics represent the present vaccine/diagnostic development strategies for the effective control and eradication of PPR. This review comprehend the current scenario of recombinant technology based vaccines and diagnostics, virus like particles (VLPs), reverse genetics approach etc., in the development of diagnostics and vaccines against PPR.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAcaricide resistance is a major problem in sheep population that hinders the control of the ticks in Karnataka and worldwide. In view of the increasing reports of acaricidal resistance world wide a study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Amitraz, Deltamethrin and Cypermethrin using larval packet test (LPT) and adult immersion test with differentiating dose (AIT-DD) against different species of ticks. The tick species involved in this study were Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Haemaphysalis intermedia, Haemaphysalis kutchensis, Hyalomma marginatum issaci, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Rhiphicephalus haemaphysaloides and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. In LPT, amitraz at 0.2% induced 100 percent mortality against all species of ticks, whereas cypermethrin and deltamethrin induced 100 percent mortality at 0.3% and 0.4% against all species of ticks. In AIT-DD test amitraz was found to be susceptible at 2.5g/ltr whereas cypermethrin at 0.05g/ltr and deltamethrin at 0.075g/ltr was found to be resistant against all species of ticks in this study.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study reports the epidemiological and virological investigations of the twelve different outbreaks of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in goats and sheep flocks with considerable morbidity and mortality recorded from different places of Karnataka state in India during 2014-2015. Clinical samples were collected from the affected flocks or villages for laboratory investigation along with epidemiological parameters. The PPR virus (PPRV) antigen and its genome were detected in the infected tissues or swab materials by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (s-ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The significant epidemiological parameters recorded include young animals being severely affected than adult animals, which showed symptoms suggestive of PPR and changing pattern of disease in term of severity of gross lesions and clinical signs. The source of infection was traced back to introduction of new animals from other flocks or from other states. Despite regular vaccination of sheep and goats in the state, under National Control Programme on PPR (NCP-PPR), outbreaks need to be carefully monitored due mainly to production losses in small ruminants.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableBrucellosis still remains an infectious, highly contagious and re-emerging endemic zoonosis especially in the Mediterranean and Middle-East regions of the world involving many countries including India where it constitutes occupational hazard (Shakerian et al., 2013 and Khamesipour et al., 2014). It also poses a serious threat to livestock economy by causing abortion, loss of offspring, infertility and reduction in milk yield. The prevalence of brucellosis in animal reservoirs is an evidence of its prevalence in human population and control of animal brucellosis is the key to its control in humans. Early diagnosis is essential to minimise the spread of the disease besides public health importance. In the present study molecular characterization of five Brucella melitensis isolates was carried out through Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR and compared with Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis vaccine and challenge strains. The amplification profile confirmed the isolates as Brucella melitensis and there was a significant difference among these field isolates with that of reference vaccine strains and the amplicons of all the field isolates were similar to amplicons of reference challenge strain, Brucella melitensis 16MNot Availabl

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Not AvailableIn this study, 225 milk samples were collected sequentially during 1st to 88th day from 25 HF cross cows in an organized farm. First five collections were obtained at a weekly interval (1,7,14,21 and 28 days) and later, fortnightly for two months (43, 58, 73 and 88 days). These milk samples were screened for Subclinical mastitis (SCM) by Somatic Cell Count (SCC). Further, multiplex-PCR for detection of S.aureus, E.coli, S.agalactiae, S.dysgalactiae and S.uberis was employed to detect the major bacterial pathogens. The SCM positivity was assessed based on criteria of SCC ≥ 500,000 cells /ml. The study revealed the high prevalence of variable SCM pattern in milking cows by SCC (73.33 %) in sequentially collected milk samples over a period of 88 days. No specific pattern of prevalence of SCM was observed during the study period. The prevalence of SCM was not influenced by the stage of lactation. In all the stages of lactation and age groups S. aureus, Streptococci and E.coli were detected with the predominance of S. aureus. The varied distribution of organisms in different stages of lactation did not influence the prevalence of SCM. Further, the high prevalence of SCM was noticed in aged cows. Among these, maximum number of milk samples (46 %, 52/113) revealing the presence of pathogens were obtained from cows in the age group 7-11 years. The multiplex PCR was found an easy and rapid method to detect the predominant pathogens causing SCM. The findings emphasize the need to control SCM through sequential monitoring of SCM through SCC, multiplex-PCR and proper managemental practices.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSheep and goat brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis, one of the most virulent Brucella species accounting for economic losses through abortion, stillbirths, reduction of milk yield and infertility. Disease has wide socioeconomic impact, in countries where, livestock sector is the major source of rural income. Early diagnosis is essential to minimise the spread of the disease besides public health importance. The present study reports the isolation, identification, biotyping and molecular confirmation of Brucella spp. in 18 different sheep and goat farms in Karnataka suspected to have brucellosis. A total of 550 serum samples, 25 aborted foetuses, uterine discharges and placental tissues were collected. The serum samples were subjected to Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Competitive ELISA (c-ELISA). The clinical samples were processed for cultural isolation on Brucella Agar Media with selective antibiotic supplements. A total of 200 (36.36%) and 260 (47.27 %) serum samples were positive by RBPT and c-ELISA, respectively, further 195 (35.45 %) of them being positive by both the tests. Five Brucella isolates were recovered from 100 clinical samples. The isolates were characterized to their species by growing them on Brucella specific medium, biochemical reactions, CO2 requirement, H2S production, agglutination with A and M mono-specific antiserum, dye sensitivity to basic fuchsin and thionin. Further, molecular confirmation of the isolates was done by amplification of B. melitensis 16S (rRNA) sequence analysis by genus specific PCR and species specific IS711 repetitive DNA fragment by Brucella AMOS PCR. The present study envisages seroprevalence of at least 35.45 per cent and isolation rate of 25 per cent for B. melitensis warranting the need for institution of strict control measures.Not Availabl

Seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants in cattle and buffaloes from Southern Peninsular India

Not AvailableThis study describes seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in cattle and buffaloes carried out during the period 2009–2010 using the randomly collected serum samples from different parts of Southern peninsular India. The report presents the results of PPR virus (PPRV)—specific antibodies in situations where either the subclinical or inapparent or non-lethal infection was there in cattle and buffaloes. A total of 2,548 serum samples [cattle = 1,158, buffaloes = 1,001, sheep = 303 and goat = 86] were collected and screened for PPRV antibodies by using a PPR monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA kit. Analysis of 2,159 serum samples indicates an overall 4.58% prevalence of PPRV antibody in cattle and buffaloes. The presence of PPRV-specific antibodies demonstrates that cattle and buffaloes are exposed to PPR infection naturally, and the transmission mode may be direct or indirect. Further, it implies the importance of bovines as subclinical hosts for the virus besides widespread presence of the disease in sheep and goats in the countryNot Availabl

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Not AvailableIsolation, serological tests and molecular methods were adopted for the diagnosis of brucellosis in sheep flocks with history of reproductive disorders. Three serological tests RBPT, STAT and iELISA were employed to screen 527 sheep from 6 farms. Among serological tests, iELISA detected higher positives (14.80%), than RBPT (5.88%) and STAT (4.17%). Brucella melitensis was isolated from 6 of 33 seropositive sheep and none from seronegative animals. All the isolates were identified as B. melitensis by biochemical tests and confirmed by genus and species specific - AMOS PCR. None of the isolates yielded products of 285bp, 976bp and 498bp specific for B. suis, B. ovis and B. abortus, respectively. Of the 33 seropositive sheep, the bcsp31genus specific amplicon of 223bp was observed in 26 vaginal, 6 serum and 2 in blood samples. Vaginal samples was found suitable clinical sample for the isolation and PCR, followed by serum and blood. Different diagnostic approaches used in the present study are of value as anti Brucella antibodies and antigen were detected confirming the disease in sheep flock. This practically oriented approach is of immense importance, as it enables to institute the control strategies at the earliest.Not Availabl

Seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants in cattle and buffaloes from Southern Peninsular India.

This study describes seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in cattle and buffaloes carried out during the period 2009-2010 using the randomly collected serum samples from different parts of Southern peninsular India. The report presents the results of PPR virus (PPRV)-specific antibodies in situations where either the subclinical or inapparent or non-lethal infection was there in cattle and buffaloes. A total of 2,548 serum samples [cattle = 1,158, buffaloes = 1,001, sheep = 303 and goat = 86] were collected and screened for PPRV antibodies by using a PPR monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA kit. Analysis of 2,159 serum samples indicates an overall 4.58% prevalence of PPRV antibody in cattle and buffaloes. The presence of PPRV-specific antibodies demonstrates that cattle and buffaloes are exposed to PPR infection naturally, and the transmission mode may be direct or indirect. Further, it implies the importance of bovines as subclinical hosts for the virus besides widespread presence of the disease in sheep and goats in the country