Antimicrobial activity of <i>Momordica cymbalaria</i> Fenzl aerial parts extracts

296-300Extracts of Momordica cymbalaria Fenzl (Cucurbitaceae) were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by agar diffusion method in comparison with standard antibiotics, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Streptomycin and Gentamycin. The antimicrobial activity of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extract of aerial parts of the plant were studied using Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Clinical isolate, Bacteria) and Aspergillus niger (Fungi) as test organisms. All the extracts were effective against all the four microorganisms. The result reveals that the plant extract has very good inhibitory activity against Gram negative organism when compared to standard antibiotics. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of plant has shown significant activity against K. pneumoniae, E.coli, P.aeruginosa and S. aureus. Similarly the chloroform extract of plant has shown good inhibitory activity against A. niger. While all standard antibiotics had a zone of inhibition less than the extracts of M. cymbalaria indicating that the plant can fight these organisms effectively and it could be a better alternative to the modern medicine

GCMS-based phytochemical profiling and in vitro pharmacological activities of plant Alangium salviifolium (L.f) Wang

Abstract Background There is an urge for traditional herbal remedies as an alternative to modern medicine in treating several diseases. A significant number of modern pharmaceutical drugs are based on or derived from medicinal plants or their extracts. These drugs derived from the plant origin have various antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities. Alangium salviifolium belongs to Cornaceae family and is well known for its medicinal properties. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant effect and possible bioactive components present in the chloroform, acetone, ethanol, methanol and aqueous extract of Alangium salviifolium leaves. Methodology Dried leaves of Alangium salviifolium were subjected to serial solvent extraction using increasing polarity of solvents, i.e., chloroform, acetone, methanol, ethanol, and distilled water. Crude extracts were further tested for qualitative analysis of phytochemicals using standard procedure, while GCMS analysis was performed to identify the probable phytocompounds. Antibacterial activity was performed against bacterial pathogens using agar well method, whereas antioxidant activity was performed using in vitro PM, DPPH and FRAP assays. Results Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of key phytochemical classes. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, several high and low molecular weight chemical compound kinds were discovered. These chemical substances are regarded as having significant biological and pharmacological effects. All crude extracts had considerable and comparable in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Conclusions According to the findings of this study, Alangium salviifolium leaves are a rich source of phytoconstituents that are crucial in stopping the advancement of numerous disorders

Development of SCAR marker associated with downy mildew disease resistance in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)

Pearl Millet is an important crop coarse grain cereal crop in the semi arid tropics which is extremely susceptible to oomycete plant pathogen Sclerospora graminicola causing downy mildew (DM) disease. The aim of the current study is to breed resistance against downy mildew disease into high yielding cultivars of pearl millet. Hence, in the present work a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker was developed as a molecular screening tool to identify DM resistance source and presented here. Of the 27 inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) decamer primers used to identify polymorphism amongst pearl millet genotypes ICMR-01007 (P1) and ICMR-01004 (P2) and their populations (F-1 and F-2), only one primer pair ISSR-22 produced polymorphic bands on ICMR-01004 producing 1.4 kb size. The PCR amplification of 1.4 kb band was found tightly linked to the resistant line of ICMR-01004 and also in F2 segregation population was in the ratio 3: 1. This band was cloned, sequenced and candidate SCAR primer (SCAR(ISSR) 863) was designed. Segregant analysis of their F2 progeny revealed that the SCARISSR 863 marker was linked to downy mildew resistance linkage group (chi(2) 3: 1 = 0.86, P = 0.22) with a genetic distance of 0.72 cM. This SCAR marker was further validated using diverse pearl millet lines of India and Africa. Results indicated that the SCAR(ISSR) 863 band was amplified in all the seven resistant lines and were absent in five susceptible lines. The confirmation of the ISSR-derived SCAR marker in different genetic backgrounds of pearl millet lines suggests that this marker can be exploited for DM resistance screening in pearl millet breeding programs

<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-GB">Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Momordica charantia</i> L. seeds</span>

153-155<span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:mangal;color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:hi"="" lang="EN-GB">Momordica charantia L. (Family Cucurbitaceae) commonly known as bitter gourd or bitter melon is used in the Traditional System of Medicine for the treatment of many ailments such as abortifacient, contraceptive, dysmenorrhoea, eczema, emmenagogue, antimalarial, galactagogue, gout, jaundice, abdominal pain, kidney stone, laxative, leprosy, leucorrhoea, piles, pneumonia, psoriasis, purgative, rheumatism, fever and scabies. The present work aims at evaluation of anthelmintic property of M. charantia seeds extracts against Indian adult earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Albendazole was used as the standard drug. Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts at concentration of 20 mg/mL each were evaluated for anthelmintic activity. The time taken for each worm for paralysis and death were determined. Among all the extracts chloroform extract showed best anthelmintic activity by inducing paralysis within 3 min and death within 8 min. The extracts showed better result when compared to the standard drug Albendazole.</span

Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Momordica charantia L. seeds

Momordica charantia L. (Family Cucurbitaceae) commonly known as bitter gourd or bitter melon is used in the Traditional System of Medicine for the treatment of many ailments such as abortifacient, contraceptive, dysmenorrhoea, eczema, emmenagogue, antimalarial, galactagogue, gout, jaundice, abdominal pain, kidney stone, laxative, leprosy, leucorrhoea, piles, pneumonia, psoriasis, purgative, rheumatism, fever and scabies. The present work aims at evaluation of anthelmintic property of M. charantia seeds extracts against Indian adult earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Albendazole was used as the standard drug. Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts at concentration of 20 mg/mL each were evaluated for anthelmintic activity. The time taken for each worm for paralysis and death were determined. Among all the extracts chloroform extract showed best anthelmintic activity by inducing paralysis within 3 min and death within 8 min. The extracts showed better result when compared to the standard drug Albendazole

Additional file 1 of GCMS-based phytochemical profiling and in vitro pharmacological activities of plant Alangium salviifolium (L.f) Wang

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Alangium salviifolium mature plant. Figure S2. FTIR Spectra of Leaf Chloroform extract of A. salviifolium. Figure S3. FTIR Spectra of Leaf Acetone extract of A. salviifolium. Figure S4. FTIR Spectra of Leaf Ethanol extract of A. salviifolium. Figure S5. FTIR Spectra of Leaf Methanol extract of A. salviifolium. Figure S6. FTIR Spectra of Leaf Aqueous extract of A. salviifolium. Figure S7. GC-MS chromatogram of Chloroform extract of A. salviifolium leaves. Figure S8. GC-MS chromatogram of Acetone extract of A. salviifolium leaves. Figure S9. GC-MS chromatogram of Ethanol extract of A. salviifolium leaves. Figure S10. GC-MS chromatogram of Methanol extract of A. salviifolium leaves. Figure S11. GC-MS chromatogram of Aqueous extract of A. salviifolium leaves. Figure S12. Graph for Phosphomolybdenum (PM) assay for A. salviifolium leaf extract. Figure 13. Graph for FRAP assay for A. salviifolium leaf extract. Figure S14. Anti-bacterial activity of Leaf extract of A. salviifolium against S. aureus; A: Chloroform extract; B: Acetone extract; C: Ethanol extract; D: Methanol extract; E: Aqueous extract; F: Control. Figure S15. Anti-bacterial activity of Leaf extract of A. salviifolium against P. aeroginosa; A: Chloroform extract; B: Acetone extract; C: Ethanol extract; D: Methanol extract; E: Aqueous extract; F: Control

Bactericidal, fungicidal and anthelmintic activities of Alstonia scholaris bark extracts

Plant based medicines are effective against many human infectious diseases either by paralysing or killing the pathogen. In the present study, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Alstonia scholaris bark were screened for their bactericidal, fungicidal and anthelmintic properties. Antibacterial activity revealed that chloroform extract at the 20 mg/ml showed significant antibacterial effect. Nevertheless, petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts also showed antibacterial effect against E. coli and S. dyscentreae, but less effective than chloroform extract.  All the extracts were not as potent as the standard drug ciprofloxacin. Fungicidal activity revealed that among all the test extracts, ethanol extract at 20 mg/ml showed significant fungicidal effect against Rhizopus. . Interestingly, petroleum ether and ethanol extracts at 20 mg/ml showed more significant fungicidal action when compared to standard drug sulphamethoxazole. Anthelmintic activity of A. scholaris extracts was carried out at four different concentrations viz., 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/ml to evaluate their effect in inducing paralysis and death in Pheretima posthuma. Anthelmintic activity revealed that petroleum ether extract at 20 mg/ml induced paralysis in worms within 12 min and death within 25.33 min. However, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts at 20 mg/ml also showed significant anthelmintic activity. Among all the extracts of A. scholaris, chloroform extract was most potent at concentration 20 mg/ml but less efective than standard drug albendazole. This investigation revealed that all the extracts of A. scholaris showed efficient bactericidal, fungicidal and anthelmintic activity against the test pathogens indicating the medicinal property of A. scholaris

Mechanism of p300 specific histone acetyltransferase inhibition by small molecules

Dysfunction of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) leads to several diseases including cancer, diabetes, and asthma. Therefore, small molecule inhibitors and activators of HATs are being considered as new generation therapeutics. Here, we report the molecular mechanisms of p300 HAT inhibition by specific and nonspecific HAT inhibitors: garcinol, isogarcinol, and 1 (LTK14). The p300 specific HAT inhibitor 1 behaves as a noncompetitive inhibitor for both acetyl-CoA and histone, unlike nonspecific HAT inhibitors garcinol and isogarcinol. The isothermal calorimetric data suggest that there is a high affinity enthalpy driven single binding site for 1 on p300HAT domain in contrast to two binding sites for garcinol and isogarcinol. Furthermore, the precise nature of molecular interactions was determined by using fluorescence, docking, and mutational studies. On the basis of these observations, we have proposed the mechanisms of specific versus nonspecific HAT inhibition by these small molecule compounds, which may be useful to design therapeutically favorable HAT inhibitors