New biological markers for a prognostic model for assessing the risk of cardiac fibrosis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

HighlightsThe developed prognostic model for assessing the risk of cardiac fibrosis in patients with STEMI with HFmrEF and HFpEF is promising from the point of view of scientific and clinical potential because similar models for predicting the risk of cardiac fibrosis in patients with index MI are not currently validated. The developed scale includes such parameters as age, LVEF, COL-1, BMI, MMP-2. The scale can be used in patients with HFmrEF and HFpEF phenotypes. Identification of patients at high risk of myocardial fibrosis will allow choosing the appropriate treatment method. Aim. To develop a prognostic model for assessing the risk of cardiac fibrosis (CF) in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF) and mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) a year after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) based on clinical, instrumental and biochemical data.Methods. The prospective cohort study included 100 STEMI patients with HFmrEF (LVEF 40–49%) and with HFpEF (50% or more). Echo was performed in all patients on the 1st, 10–12th day and a year after onset of STEMI. Upon admission to the hospital and on the 10–12th day after the onset of the disease, the following serum biomarker levels were determined: those associated with changes in the extracellular matrix; with remodeling and fibrosis; with inflammation, and with neurohormonal activation. At the 1-year follow-up visit, 84 patients underwent contrast-enhanced MRI to assess fibrotic tissue percentage relative to healthy myocardium.Results. The distribution of patients by HFmrEF and HFpEF phenotypes during follow-up was as follows: HFmrEF on the 1st day – 27%, 10th day – 12%, after a year – 11%; HFpEF on the 1st day – 73%, 10th day – 88%, after a year – 89%. According to cardiac MRI at the follow-up visit (n = 84), the median distribution of fibrotic tissue percentage was 5 [1.5; 14]%. Subsequently, the threshold value of 5% was chosen for analysis: CF≥5% was found in 38 patients (the 1st group), whereas CF<5% was noted in 46 patients (the 2nd group). When analyzing the intergroup differences in biological marker concentrations in the in-patient setting and at the annual follow-up, it was determined that the most significant differences were associated with “ST-2” (1st day) that in the “CF≥5%” group was 11.4 ng/mL higher on average compared to the “CF<5%” group (p = 0.0422); “COL-1” (1st day) that in the “CF≥5%” group was 28112.3 pg/mL higher on average compared to the “CF<5%” group (p = 0.0020), and “NT-proBNP” (12th day) that in the “CF<5 %” group was 1.9 fmol/mL higher on average compared to the “CF≥5%” group (p = 0.0339). Certain factors (age, LVEF (12th day), collagen-1 (1st and 12th day), body mass index, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (12th day) were determined and included in the prognostic model for assessing the risk of CF a year after the STEMI (AUC ROC 0.90, Chi-square test <0.0001).Conclusion. Prognostic model (scale) based on factors such as age, left ventricular ejection fraction (12th day), collagen-1 (1st and 12th day), body mass index, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (12th day) shows high prognostic power and enables identification of patients with HFmrEF and HFpEF phenotypes and at high risk of cardiac fibrosis a year after STEMI

ГИПЕРТЕНЗИВНЫЕ РАССТРОЙСТВА БЕРЕМЕННОСТИ – СТРАТЕГИИ КОРРЕКЦИИ В ПОСЛЕРОДОВОМ ПЕРИОДЕ (ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ)

HighlightsHypertensive disorders of pregnancy are associated with short- and long-term risks for the mother.We have identified several key points in the management strategy of this pathology in the postpartum period, which should contribute to the emergence of new directions in the prognosis and treatment modalities of this disease. AbstractThe article presents an analytical review of modern data on the treatment of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in the postpartum period. HDPs lead to maternal morbidity and mortality in developing and poor countries, and in regions with well-developed healthcare systems as well. HDPs can later progress into hypertension and are associated with the risk of coronary artery disease and stroke. Moreover, HDPs increase the likelihood of low-birth-weight babies and preterm births. The incidence of HDP is growing worldwide despite the implemented prevention methods: according to the Global Health Data Exchange, from 1990 to 2019 HDPs` incidence by 10.9% from 16.3 million to 18.08 million people. However, the introduction of universal approaches to prevention of complications made it possible to reduce mortality from HDP in the same period by 30.05%. The risk of hypertensive complications increases significantly in the postpartum period. Modern research confirms this – the likelihood of worsening HDP and the development of complications increases significantly in the first 24–48 hours after childbirth. About one third of cases of eclampsia occur in the postpartum period, of which almost half occur 48 hours after delivery. Stroke in women with HDP occurs in the postpartum period in half of the cases. Arterial hypertension (AH) in the postpartum period often requires an increase in doses of antihypertensive drugs, whereas after 3–6 months, many patients no longer need such therapy. During the first year after childbirth, the risk of progression of AH and the development of complications due to hypertension is increased, and remains so for many years. The feasibility of antihypertensive therapy in HDP today is beyond doubt, however, there are issues that require further study. They are related to the safety of prescribed drugs during lactation, and as a result, in many guidelines, antihypertensive therapy in the postpartum period is prescribed with reservations. Another problem is the relatively small number of RCTs directly assessing the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy in the postpartum period.Основные положенияГипертензивные расстройства беременности ассоциированы с ближайшими и отдаленными рисками для матери.Выделено несколько ключевых позиций в стратегии коррекции данной патологии в послеродовом периоде, которые способствуют появлению новых направлений в прогнозировании и лечении заболевания. Резюме В статье представлен аналитический обзор современных источников научной литературы, посвященных вопросам коррекции гипертензивных расстройств беременности (ГРБ) в послеродовом периоде. ГРБ выступают общепризнанной причиной материнской заболеваемости и смертности, причем не только в развивающихся и бедных странах, но и регионах с хорошо развитой системой здравоохранения. ГРБ могут прогрессировать в гипертоническую болезнь и ассоциированы с риском ишемической болезни сердца и инсульта. Кроме того, ГРБ увеличивают вероятность рождения маловесных детей и преждевременных родов. Несмотря на проводимые методы профилактики, заболеваемость ГРБ в мире постоянно растет: по данным Global Health Data Exchange, в период с 1990 по 2019 г. она увеличилась на 10,9% – с 16,3 до 18,08 млн человек. В то же время внедрение единых подходов к профилактике осложнений позволило снизить смертность от ГРБ в этот же период на 30,05%. В классическом акушерстве постулируется, что риск гипертензивных осложнений значительно возрастает в послеродовом периоде. Современные исследования подтверждают этот феномен: вероятность утяжеления ГРБ и развития осложнений значительно повышается в первые 24–48 ч после родов. Около одной трети случаев эклампсии возникает в послеродовом периоде, из которых почти половина – спустя 48 ч после родов, а инсульт у женщин с ГРБ в половине случаев происходит в послеродовом периоде. Артериальная гипертензия в послеродовом периоде часто требует увеличения доз антигипертензивных препаратов, тогда как через 3–6 мес. многие пациентки перестают нуждаться в подобной терапии. В течение первого года после родов у женщин с ГРБ значительно повышается риск прогрессирования хронической артериальной гипертензии и развития обусловленных заболеванием осложнений и остается таковым долгие годы. Целесообразность антигипертензивной терапии при ГРБ сегодня не вызывает сомнений, однако остаются вопросы, требующие дальнейшего изучения. В первую очередь это безопасность назначаемых препаратов в период лактации. Вследствие этого во многих руководствах гипотензивная терапия в послеродовом периоде рекомендована с существенными оговорками. Еще одна проблема связана с относительно небольшим количеством рандомизированных клинических исследований, непосредственно включающих оценку эффективности антигипертензивной терапии в послеродовом периоде

Antagonists of mineralocorticoid receptors in the treatment of patients with post-infarced heart failure: the role of eplerenon

Aim. To present modern view on the role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA), eplerenone in particular, in treatment of patients with post-infarction cardiac failure, and to analyze its effectiveness and safety. Materials and methods. Data fr om scientific sources published in Russia and abroad in 1984–2018 years were analyzed. Conclusion. Acute myocardial infarction with congestive cardiac failure (CCF) development is associated with sympathoadrenal system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade hyperactivation that results in pathologic myocardium remodeling following fibrosis. Within the concept of quality of life improvement and lifetime increase in patients after myocardial infarction it is important to prescribe MRA, eplerenone in particular, besides renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and b-adrenoblockers (b-AB). Accumulated data on MRA effectiveness in patients with CCF including patients after myocardial infarction is the basis for inclusion of these medications in National guidelines on CSF diagnostics and treatment of Russian Society of Cardiology and Russian Scientific Medical Society of Therapists. According to these guidelines medications of this group are recommended (level IA) to the use (combined with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors – ACE inhibitors and b-AB) in all patients with medium severe and severe CHF who have decreased contractile function of left ventricle in order to decrease mortality risk and readmission frequency and to improve symptoms. A similar point of view is presented in European Society of Cardiology guidelines wh ere MRA also have IA level of evidence to the use as a first line medication (together with ACE inhibitors and b-AB for CHF treatment). The presented clinical case supported by the evidence of previously conducted studies demonstrates the leading role of eplerenon in therapy that results in prognosis improvement in patients with CHF after myocardial infarction who have low left ventricular ejection fraction

The Prognostic Value of Peripheral Artery Diseases in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Hypothesis. To evaluate the clinical and prognostic role of haemodynamically insignificant stenosis of the extracranial arteries (ECA) and lower extremity arteries (LEA) among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Patients and Methods. The study sample consisted of 423 patients with STEMI who were consecutively admitted to the Kemerovo Cardiological Centre. Results. The prevalence of polyvascular diseases (PVD), as defined by an increased intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery or by stenosis of the ECA or LEA, was 95%. Among patients with ECA or LEA, the case fatality rate of those with stenosis with occlusion of less than 30% of the vessel lumen was 5.7%, whereas the case fatality rate among patients with stenosis with occlusion of more than 30% of the vessel lumen was 15.1% (χ2=13.68, P=0.003). Using the GRACE score model, together with the determination of additional factors (congestive heart failure, PVD, prior stroke, and smoking status), we developed an improved model (KemScore) for death risk stratification for a 12-month period. The value of the AUC for our model (KemScore) was 0.83 (95% CI = 0.76–0.90), which was significantly higher than the initial GRACE score value of 0.71 (95% CI = 0.63–0.79)

The Prognostic Value of Peripheral Artery Diseases in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Hypothesis. To evaluate the clinical and prognostic role of haemodynamically insignificant stenosis of the extracranial arteries (ECA) and lower extremity arteries (LEA) among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Patients and Methods. The study sample consisted of 423 patients with STEMI who were consecutively admitted to the Kemerovo Cardiological Centre. Results. The prevalence of polyvascular diseases (PVD), as defined by an increased intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery or by stenosis of the ECA or LEA, was 95%. Among patients with ECA or LEA, the case fatality rate of those with stenosis with occlusion of less than 30% of the vessel lumen was 5.7%, whereas the case fatality rate among patients with stenosis with occlusion of more than 30% of the vessel lumen was 15.1% ( 2 = 13.68, = 0.003). Using the GRACE score model, together with the determination of additional factors (congestive heart failure, PVD, prior stroke, and smoking status), we developed an improved model (KemScore) for death risk stratification for a 12-month period. The value of the AUC for our model (KemScore) was 0.83 (95% CI = 0.76-0.90), which was significantly higher than the initial GRACE score value of 0.71 (95% CI = 0.63-0.79)