History of women's political and civil rights in Norway

The formation and development of women's rights in Europe has a long history, different within each of the states. The publication is devoted to the study of the political and civil rights of women in Norway from the beginning of the 19thto the end of the 20thcenturies. The authors consider the development of women's rights against the backdrop of a changing situation within the state. The key milestones in establishing the political and civil rights of women are analysed. © 2020 Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk, Institut Istorii (Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of General Hist. All rights reserved

Zhurkov’s Stress-Driven Fracture as a Driving Force of the Microcrystalline Cellulose Formation

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a chemically pure product of cellulose mechano-chemical conversion. It is a white powder composed of the short fragments of the plant cells widely used in the modern food industry and pharmaceutics. The acid hydrolysis of the bleached lignin-free cellulose raw is the main and necessary stage of MCC production. For this reason, the acid hydrolysis is generally accepted to be the driving force of the fragmentation of the initial cellulose fibers into MCC particles. However, the low sensibility of the MCC properties to repeating the hydrolysis forces doubting this point of view. The sharp, cleave-looking edges of the MCC particles suggesting the initial cellulose fibers were fractured; hence the hydrolysis made them brittle. Zhurkov showed that mechanical stress decreases the activation energy of the polymer fracture, which correlates with the elevated enthalpy of the MCC thermal destruction compared to the initial cellulose