Гиперплазия паращитовидных желез при вторичном гиперпаратиреозе: возможности ультразвукового метода (обзор литературы)

Questions of ultrasound diagnostics of parathyroid glands hyperplasia in patients with chronic kidney disease are analyzed in this literature review. Pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism and specific parathyroid gland changes with this pathology are discussed. Information on strengths and weaknesses of sonography in comparison with other methods of visualization are summarized. Diagnostic potential of ultrasound examination of parathyroid glands utilizing gray scale and Doppler ultrasound is described including assessment of morphological variants of hyperplasia.В обзоре литературы освещены вопросы ультразвуковой диагностики гиперплазии паращитовидных желез при вторичном гиперпаратиреозе у пациентов с хронической болезнью почек. Представлена информация о патогенезе вторичного гиперпаратиреоза и особенностях изменений паращитовидных желез при данной патологии. Проведен анализ преимуществ и недостатков эхографии по сравнению с другими методами визуализации. Описаны возможности УЗИ паращитовидных желез в В-режиме, а также с использованием допплеровских методик, в том числе для оценки морфологического варианта гиперплазии

Construction of Customized Palatal Orthodontic Devices on Skeletal Anchorage Using Biomechanical Modeling

Orthodontic implants have been developed for the implementation of skeletal anchorage and are effectively used in the design of individual orthodontic devices. However, despite a significant amount of clinical research, the biomechanical aspects of the use of skeletal anchorage have not been adequately studied. The aim of this work was to numerically investigate the stress–strain state of the developed palatal orthodontic device supported by mini-implants. Four possible options for the placement of mini-implants in the bone were analyzed. The effect of a chewing load of 100 N on the bite plane was investigated. The study was carried out using biomechanical modeling based on the finite element method. The installation of the palatal orthodontic device fixed on mini-implants with an individual bite plane positioned on was simulated. The dependence of equivalent stresses and deformation changes on the number and location of the supporting mini-implants of the palatal orthodontic device was investigated. Two materials (titanium alloy and stainless steel) of the palatal orthodontic device were also investigated. The choice of a successful treatment option was based on the developed biomechanical criteria for assessing the surgical treatment success. Application of the criteria made it possible to estimate the stability and strength of fixation of each of the considered mini-implants installation options. As a result, options for the mini-implants optimal placement were identified (the first and the fourth which provide distributed front and side support of the device), as well as the preferred material (titanium alloy) for the manufacture of the palatal orthodontic device

Coveted, detested and unattainable?

This article explores how the image of the USA has developed in two major Russian daily newspapers, Izvestiya and Komsomolskaya Pravda, in a time period comprised of a total 20 weeks’ of study in the years of 1984, 1994, 2004 and 2009. For Russia this time span was dramatic: it moved from seemingly stable superpower in the 1980s, over the chaos after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, to the partial comeback to great power status at the beginning of the 21st century. While telling the story of how the image of the USA has evolved, the article also describes how Russian self-images have developed. The image projected of the USA was Manichean in the 1980s, whereas the most benevolent images were found in the 1990s. The examples from 2004 and 2009 reflect an assertive Russia that is back on the world stage. The USA is here again often criticized, but also — as before — comprises the scale against which Russia itself is measured