A New Scheme for Zero Knowledge Proof based on Multivariate Quadratic Problem and Quaternion Algebra

This paper introduces a new intractable security problem whose intractability is due to the NP completeness of multivariate quadratic problem. This novel problem uses quaternion algebra in conjunction with MQ. Starting with the simultaneous multivariate equations, we transform these equations into simultaneous quaternion based multivariate quadratic equations. A new scheme for computational zero knowledge proof based on this problem is proposed. It is proved that according to black box definition of zero knowledge proof (ZKP) system, the proposed scheme is ZKP. Our proof has two lemmas. The proof is done through two lemmas. In the first lemma it is shown that expected polynomial time machine V * M halts in a polynomial time. In the second lemma, it is showed that the probability ensembles V x L M x * and x L P x , V * x are polynomially indistinguishable. The scheme has low computational overhead and is particularly useful in cryptographic applications such as digital signature and key agreement

Ultrasensitive RNA in Situ Hybridization for Kappa and Lambda Light Chain mRNA in Marginal Zone Lymphoma Demonstrates Comparable Performance to Flow Cytometry

Objectives: Evaluation of light chain restriction is critical to establish clonality in B cell lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) or in situ hybridization (ISH) are commonly used to assess light chain restriction in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues. However, except for cases with plasma cell differentiation, these techniques often fail to identify immunoglobulin light chains. An ultrasensitive technique, RNAscope, has been recently introduced which can identify light chains in cases of B cell LPDs. We analyzed the utility of this ultrasensitive method in detection of clonality and correlated with flow cytometry results when available. Methods: A tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed using 1.6 mm diameter tissue punches of 31 FFPE tissue blocks from 27 cases (figure 1) which were previously characterized as marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) by a combination of morphology, IHC, and/or flow cytometry. Cases included 8 nodal and 19 extra nodal MZL. In 2 cases, additional blocks were included to assess reproducibility. For ultrasensitive ISH RNAscope assay, 4 µ thickness tissue sections were hybridized using kappa and lambda probes, incubated overnight, counterstained with hematoxylin, cover-slipped and reviewed blindly without knowledge of prior flow cytometry results. Results: Of 18 cases with evaluable staining, 15 were clonal and 3 were polytypic. Flow cytometry was available in 14 of these 18 cases with concordance in 13/14 (93%) (figure 2). The discordant case was polytypic by flow cytometry but kappa restricted by RNAscope. The false negative flow results could be due to sampling issues. In 6 cases, staining failed and could not be evaluated. Conclusion: Ultrasensitive RNAscope is a reliable assay in the detection of clonality in FFPE tissue, particularly where fresh tissue is not available for flow cytometry. In addition, our results confirm and further expand prior observations that RNAscope is a highly sensitive and specific assay with high concordance with flow cytometry

Epstein–Barr virus-associated inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen: report of two cases and review of the literature

We report two rare examples of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen. One patient presented with night sweats, abdominal pain, and weight loss and was found to have a splenic mass on CT scan suspected of lymphoma. The splenic mass in second patient was found incidentally at the time of work up for kidney stones. The pathologic examination of these splenectomy specimens showed similar histologic features. However, the spindle cells were composed of EBV-infected follicular dendritic cells in one case whereas the second case lacked significant follicular dendritic cell proliferation and showed only focal EBV-infected cells suggesting that these proliferations are heterogenous in nature