Plot size under field conditions to determine soybean agronomic characteristics

Within the field of performance of agricultural experimentation we have some obstacles related to conducting experiments, the biggest of which is the comparison between treatments with the greatest possible precision, in order to arrive at safe conclusions from the observed results. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between the plot sizes and the stand determination, height at maturation, as well as soybean yield. Three areas were cultivated with soybean for this purpose. In the plant stand determination 18 plot sizes were tested, at the plant height at maturation 14 sizes were tested, and 10 sizes were tested for productivity. The characteristics measurement was performed in triplicate for each plot size, randomly distributed within each area. The characteristic mean for each plot size allowed the adjustment subjective of two regression models, one facing up and one facing down. At the point where the difference among the adjusted models reached the value of the sample standard deviation, the ideal minimum plot size was determined. The evaluation of 14.3 linear m is required in the soybean plants stand determination. It is necessary to quantify 26 plants to guarantee an ideal estimate of the soybean plants at maturity height. It is necessary crop 22 m2 plot to safeguard an ideal estimate of soybean yield

Divergência genética entre genótipos de quinoa quanto a crescimento morfológico e caracteres da panícula

This study aimed to identify and select genotypes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) with greater genetic distance between them, to compose groups of crossing. For both genotypes were evaluated two distinct populations of Chenopodium quinoa (Cherry Vanilla and Brilliant Rainbow), 15 quantitative characteristics being evaluated to determine the genetic distance and formation of groups with similar plants. The grouping was done by the method of neighbor furthest from the standardized mean euclidean distances, which allowed the division of 44 genotypes into three distinct groups. The crossing were those recommended involving genetic distance greater genotypes, genotype example 22 (group 1, Brilliant population belonging to Rainbow) genotype 34 (third group, belonging to the population Cherry Vanilla), genotype 22 x genotype 42 (group 2, belonging Cherry Vanilla population), genotype 34 x genotype 42, genotype 1 (group 1, the population belonging Brilliant Rainbow) genotype 34 and genotype 1 x genotype 42. It is noteworthy genetic differences among genotypes 34 and 42, since they belong the same population (Cherry Vanilla) and were denoted as intersection possible to increase the genetic diversity of the population. Este trabalho objetivou identificar e selecionar genótipos de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) com maior distância genética entre si, para comporem os grupos de cruzamentos. Para tanto foram empregados genótipos de duas populações distintas de quinoa (Cherry Vanilla e Brilliant Rainbow), sendo avaliadas 15 características quantitativas para a determinação da distância genética e formação dos grupos com as plantas similares. O agrupamento foi feito pelo método do vizinho mais distante, a partir das distâncias euclidianas médias padronizadas, o que possibilitou a divisão de 44 genótipos em três grupos distintos. Os cruzamentos recomendados foram aqueles que envolveram genótipos de maior distância genética, exemplo genótipo 22 (grupo 1, pertencente a população Brilliant Rainbow) x genótipo 34 (grupo 3, pertencente a população Cherry Vanilla), genótipo 22 x genótipo 42 (grupo 2, pertencente a população Cherry Vanilla), genótipo 34 x genótipo 42, genótipo 1 (grupo 1, pertencente a população Brilliant Rainbow) x genótipo 34 e genótipo 1 x genótipo 42.Vale ressaltar a diferença genética existente entre os genótipos 34 e 42, uma vez que os mesmos pertencem a mesma população (Cherry Vanilla) e foram indicados como possível cruzamento para aumentar a variabilidade genética da população

Non-parametric analysis of seed sanity and elimination and ranking indices of soybean genotypes

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar genótipos de soja quanto à sanidade de semente, com um método de análise, pelo qual se obtém índices de sanidade (eliminação e classificação) com base em análise não-paramétrica. Esses índices consistiram em eliminar os genótipos com incidência de patógenos acima de um dado valor, estabelecido pelo experimentador e, em seguida, classificar os genótipos não eliminados, por ordem de incidência desses patógenos. A fim de comprovar sua eficácia, realizaram-se a simulação e comparação desse método comoutros, e seu uso em dados de germinação e sanidade das sementes de cultivares e linhagens de soja, de ensaios finais do Programa de Melhoramento de Soja, do Departamento de Fitotecnia, da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, conduzidos no ano agrícola de 2002/2003. Os pesos das variáveis e os limites de corte, utilizados nos índices, foram estabelecidos tendo-se levado em consideração estudos que relacionam a sanidade das sementes e sua germinação. A utilização dos índices propostos permite classificar genótipos de soja, quanto à qualidadesanitária das sementes, e eliminar das análises os genótipos que não atingiram os níveis mínimos requeridos.The objective of this work was to assess soybean genotypes for seed sanity, with a method by which a sanity index (elimination and classification) is obtained based on non-parametric analysis. This index consisted in the elimination of genotypes with pathogen incidence above a certain value, established by the researcher, and then the classification of the noneliminated genotypes in the first step, ordering them according to the incidence of the pathogens. To verify its effectiveness, it was accomplished a simulation study and comparison of this proposed method with others, and its use in germination and sanity data of seeds from soybean lineages and cultivars of final experiments of the Soybean Breeding Program of Departmento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, in 2002/2003 crop season. The weights of the variables and the cut limits used in the index were established considering studies related to seeds sanity and their germinations. The use of the proposed index allows the ranking of soybean genotypes, regarding to the sanitary quality of the seeds, and the elimination fromthe analyses of the genotypes that have not reached the requested minimum levels

Strategies for sampling and establishment of core collections

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da intensidade de amostragem, do tamanho da coleção de germoplasma inicial e da variância da amostragem sobre a qualidade das respectivas coleções nucleares, quanto à representatividade das coleções iniciais. Foram simulados sete tamanhos de coleções iniciais e utilizadas seis intensidades de amostragem para estabelecimento de coleções nucleares, utilizando caracteres morfoagronômicos. Determinaram-se o número de grupos formados, o coeficiente de coincidência entre a coleção nuclear e a coleção inicial e o coeficiente de determinação dos acessos amostrados para comporem a coleção nuclear. Também foi proposto o uso de uma estratégia alternativa para estabelecer coleções nucleares, de forma a maximizar a diversidade entre os acessos. O tamanho da coleção inicial influencia a intensidade de amostragem empregada na obtenção da coleção nuclear. A amostragem de acessos pelo método de Tocher, com critério de aglomeração inverso, mostrou-se eficiente na obtenção de coleções nucleares. As diferentes magnitudes de variância das coleções iniciais não influenciaram os coeficientes de determinação (R2) nem os coeficientes de coincidência entre a coleção inicial e as respectivas coleções nucleares.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of sampling intensity, initial collection's size and its variance over the quality of the respective core collections, in terms of representation of the initial collections. Therefore, simulations were performed for seven sizes of the initial collections and six sampling intensities for the establishment of core collections were used, comprising morpho-agronomic traits. Groups formed were determined, as well as the coincidence coefficient between the core and the initial collection, and the determination coefficient of the accessions sampling to compose the core collection. The use of an alternative strategy was proposed to establish core collections, this strategy maximizes the diversity among the accessions. The size of initial collections affects the sampling intensity to be used to obtain a core collection. The selection of accessions with the method of Tocher, comprising criteria of inverse grouping, was efficient for the formation of the core collections. The different magnitudes of variance of the initial collections did not affect either the coefficient of determination (R2) or the coincidence rate between initial collections and respective core collection

Alternative methodology for Scott-Knott test

The test proposed by Scott Knott (1974), a procedure of means grouping, is an effective alternative to performprocedures of multiple comparisons without ambiguity. This study aimed to propose a modification related to the partitioningand means grouping in the said procedure, to obtain results without ambiguity among treatments, organized in morehomogeneous groups. In the proposed methodology, treatments that did not participate in the initial group are joined for a newanalysis, which allows for a better group distribution. In a comparative study, four experiments were simulated in a randomizedcomplete block design. The first consisted of 10 and the other 3 of 100 treatments. All experiments were performed in threereplications at a significance level of 0.05 for the means grouping test. Only in the third experiment of those of 100 treatmentsthe groups formed by Scott-Knott did not differ from the methodology proposed here. The proposed methodology is consideredeffective, aiming at the identification of elite cultivar groups for recommendation

Extraction of antioxidant compounds from dovyalis: mixtures of ethanol and water

Ethanol/water 80/20 has been the most suitable solvent mixture for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from fruits. However, the efficiency of the extraction solvent varies with the polar affinity of the different chemical compounds found in plant species. The objective of this work was to determine the efficiency of extraction of antioxidant compounds from the pulp and peel of dovyalis using ethanol/water mixtures as extracting solvent. Dried and ground pulp and peel were extracted with mixtures of ethanol/water solvents 100/0, 75/25 and 50/50 (v/v). Antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP), total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids of the extracts were determined. The results showed that the 50% and 75% ethanol/water mixtures showed more efficient extraction of total phenolic compounds from the pulp and peel than 100% ethanol. The same trend was observed in the determinations of the antioxidant activities DPPH in the peel, ABTS in the pulp and FRAP in both fractions of the fruits, where the solvents 50% and 75% ethanol were superior to the 100% ethanol. In the extraction of flavonoids from the pulp and skin of the fruits, 50% ethanol was more efficient compared to the other solvent mixtures. The same was verified in the determination of the DPPH antioxidant activity in the pulp and ABTS in the peel of dovyalis fruits, that is, 50% ethanol was also superior to the other solvents. The 50% ethanol/water mixture was the most efficient solvent in the extraction of antioxidant compounds from the pulp and bark of dovyalis

Características agronômicas de genótipos de quinoa

This work was aimed with the objective to evaluated quinoa genotypes in the Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná State. It was sown eight varieties of quinoa, from the Genetic Improvement Program of Quinoa of the Unioeste, with three repetitions, in a total number of 24 parcels. The experimental units were constituted of four lines of 5 meters each and with a row spacing of 0.5 meter between each other resulting at 4 m2 of utile area. The treatments during growing were made whenever they were necessary, with the use of manual weed, herbicides and fungicides. The assessed variables were a flowering date, maturity date, average height of ten plants per parcel and the productivity. The genotypes used in this experiment have cycle and height plants near recognized as satisfying for the production of quinoa in Marechal Cândido Rondon, and suggesting the need for selection for productivity. The genotypes Q10-43, Q10-42, Q10-36 and Q10-09 showed yield potential to continue in evaluate in next trials, in order to select a cultivar adapted to the environmental conditions of Marechal Cândido Rondon.Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características de interesse agronômico de oito genótipos de quinoa, oriundos do Programa de Melhoramento de Quinoa da UNIOESTE, no ano agrícola 2011/2012. O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental Dr. Antonio Carlos dos Santos Pessoa, município de Marechal Cândido Rondon/PR. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos inteiramente ao acaso com oito tratamentos (genótipos) e três repetições. Os genótipos utilizados foram: Q10-43, Q10-42, Q10-36, Q10-09, Real, Q10-12, Q10-11 e Q10-23. A semeadura foi realizada no mês de outubro de 2011. Foi utilizada densidade de 35 sementes por metro linear. A adubação de base utilizada foi de 250 kg ha-1 do formulado 08-20-20, e 25 dias após a emergência foi realizada adubação em cobertura na dose de 150 kg ha-1 de N. Houve diferença significativa entre os genótipos para o ciclo e produtividade. Os genótipos Q10-43, Q10-42, Q10-36, Q10-09, Real e Q10-12 superaram a média do genótipo Q10-23, apresentando valores de produtividade acima de 1275 kg ha-1. Quanto ao ciclo, houve diferença significativa apenas entre os genótipos Q10-23, que apresentou ciclo de 123 dias, e o genótipo Q10-42 o qual apresentou ciclo de 115 dias. Os genótipos Q10-43, Q10-42, Q10-36 e Q10-09 apresentaram potencial produtivo para continuarem sendo avaliados, em ensaios posteriores, visando selecionar cultivares adaptadas as condições ambientais de Marechal Cândido Rondon

Efficiency of the multilocus analysis for the construction of genetic maps

The use of genetic maps is a useful tool in genetic research. The association between map distance andrecombination frequency is expressed by a genetic mapping function. However, several of these functions do not presupposethe joint recombination percentage. In other words, they are not multilocus probabilities. This work aimed to compare,through simulations, the efficiency in the use of different mapping functions with and without multilocus analysis as a tool inthe construction of genetic maps. A genome constituted of three linkage groups (50, 100 and 200 cM) was simulated for acomparative study. Four mapping populations were simulated, F2, with 50, 100, 200 and 400 individuals, with 10 replicaseach. It was verified, after the analyses, that the multilocus analysis was not efficient to rescue the size of the connectiongroups, concluding that the non use of the multilocus analysis would be viable

Paraquat doses and spray volumes in desiccation Brachiaria ruziziensis before planting off-season maize

A Brachiaria ruziziensis pode contribuir na consolidação do sistema de plantio devido à alta produção de biomassa vegetal que pode ser empregada no manejo integrado das plantas daninhas. Contudo, existe escassez de informações referentes à dessecação desta forrageira, principalmente com o uso de herbicidas de ação de contato. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar diferentes métodos de manejo da dessecação da forrageira B. ruziziensis, e o efeito na cultura do milho safrinha e na supressão das plantas daninhas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos num esquema fatorial 4 x 6 + 1, correspondente a avaliação de quatro doses do paraquat (100, 200, 400 e 800 g ha-1) em seis volumes de aplicação (69, 138, 204, 273, 342 e 411 L ha-1), além de uma testemunha sem aplicação. Para o estudo da dinâmica da população das plantas daninhas também foi utilizada uma testemunha em condição de pousio e outra somente com a cultura sem a presença de palha (capinada). Foram utilizadas pontas de pulverização modelo Turbo Teejet de jato plano simples com angulação de 90º. O paraquat foi eficiente na dessecação da B. ruziziensis até aos 14 dias após a aplicação. Após este período a rebrota da forrageira interferiu negativamente na produtividade do milho safrinha. A infestação das plantas daninhas foi reduzida nas áreas com B. ruziziensis em consorcio com o milho safrinha em relação à área em pousio.Brachiaria ruziziensis can contribute to the consolidation of the no-tillage system due to high production of biomass that can be used in integrated management of weeds. However, there is little information regarding the desiccation of this forage, particularly with the use of contact action herbicides. The present work aimed to evaluate the different management methods of desiccation of B. ruziziensis, and the effect in second season maize crop and weed suppression. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a factorial 4 x 6 + 1, corresponding to evaluation of four doses of paraquat (100, 200, 400, and 800 g ha-1), six spraying volumes (69, 138, 204, 273, 342, and 411 L ha-1), and an untreated control. To study the population dynamics of weeds a control was also used in fallow condition and another with only the crop, without the presence of straw (weeded). The spray nozzle used was Turbo TeeJet simple plan jet with angulation of 90°. The paraquat was efficient in desiccation B. ruziziensis up to 14 days after application. After this period there was regrowth of forage plants interfered negatively on maize yiled. The weed infestation was reduced in areas with B. ruziziensis in crop rotation with maize in relation to fallowing areas

Germinação e emergência de plântulas associadas ao tamanho e peletização de sementes de quinoa

This work has been performed with the aim of verifying the existing relation between the size of the quinoa seeds and their pelleting in lab germination and emergence of seedlings in field. First, the experiment has been conducted in laboratory, using completely randomized design (DIC) with incomplete factorial scheme 2 x (4 or 3). Then, it has been conducted to field, using randomized block design (DBC) with subdivided portions, in four repetitions and with scheme of 2 x (3 or 2). The statistical analyses have been calculated using the software R, followed by the analysis of variance followed by the Tukey average test in 5% of error probability. According to the performed tests, when put into lab environment, bigger quinoa seeds present higher germination performance than smaller seeds. When the seeds were put into field condition, no matter the size of the seed or its pelleting process, there was no meaningful difference in the index of emergence speed.Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar a relação existente entre o tamanho de sementes de quinoa e a peletização das mesmas, na sua germinação em laboratório e emergência de plântulas em campo. Primeiramente, o experimento foi conduzido em laboratório utilizando delineamento inteiramente ao acaso (DIC) com esquema fatorial incompleto 2 x (4 ou 3), em seguida, foi conduzido a campo utilizando delineamento de blocos casualizados (DBC) com parcelas subdivididas, em quatro repetições e com esquema de 2 x (3 ou 2). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com o auxílio do aplicativo computacional R e foram realizadas a análise de variância seguida do teste de média de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. De acordo com os testes realizados, sementes de quinoa maiores, quando colocadas em ambiente de laboratório, apresentam maior desempenho germinativo do que as sementes menores. Quando as sementes foram colocadas em condição de campo, independentemente do tamanho da semente, ou do processo de peletização, não houve diferença significativa no índice de velocidade de emergência