NEUROTOXIC EFFECT OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES: BIOCHEMICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL APPROACH IN MALE WISTAR RATS

Objective: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, biomedical and industrial applications. The adverse effects of TiO2 NPs are also increasing alarmingly. The purpose of this study is to investigate the toxicity of TiO2 NPs on biochemical and histological changes in different regions of brain in adult male Wistar rats.Methods: Two different doses of TiO2 NPs (50 mg/kg b. w and 100 mg/kg b. w) administered orally for 14 d along with one control group, each group consisting of six animals. Standard biochemical methods were adopted for the estimation of enzymes alkaline phosphatase, 5' nucleotidase, ATPases and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Trace elements calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium as well as metals like iron, zinc and copper were also estimated.Results: When compared with the control group, the enzymes ATPases, ALP, 5'-NT and GGT activities were significantly decreased in both the TiO2 NPs treated groups. Ca, Na, Fe, Cu and TiO2 contents were significantly increased in both the experimental groups, while the K, Mg and Zn contents decreased. However, the changes in the parameters studied were more in 100 mg treated group (p<0.001) when compared to the 50 mg treated group (p<0.05and p<0.01). Moreover, it is also evident that different regions responded differently due to TiO2 NPs exposure. The changes were maximum in the cerebral hemisphere (p<0.001) followed by medulla oblongata (p<0.001) and cerebrum (p<0.05).Conclusion: The results clearly imply that TiO2 NPs could impair the electrochemical gradient, ionic homeostasis and membrane stability in different regions of the rat brain

Attenuation of oxidative stress induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity in fibroblast cells by sulfated polysaccharide from Padina gymnospora

In this present study, isolation, characterization and protective effect of sulfated polysaccharide (SP) isolated from the brown algae Padina gymnospora was investigated. SP was isolated and characterized through FT-IR, 1H NMR, TGA, GC–MS and CHN analysis. The molecular weight of SP was found to be 16 kDa. The isolated SP contains 29.4 ± 0.35% of sulfate, 27 ± 0.11% of fucose, 0.05 ± 0.12% of protein, respectively. Furthermore, SP exhibits its excellent radical scavenging effects were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging and reducing power assays. Moreover, pretreatment with SP significantly mitigates H2O2 induced cytotoxicity in L-929 cells in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, SP pretreatment ameliorates oxidative stress induced apoptosis and DNA damage, alleviates the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and restores mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in L-929 cells through its antioxidant potential. Together, these results suggest that SP can be exploited as a natural antioxidant in the food and pharmaceutical industries

Chelating properties of Spirulina against the atrazine toxicity on the antioxidant enzymes activities in the fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio

ABSTRACT In the present investigation the effect of atrazine on antioxidant enzyme activity in the fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio Linn. The experimental fish were treated with atrazine (0.5 mg/ L) for 5 days. Another group (III) of fish treated with atrazine in 120 hours, after that fish was exposed to dried Spirulina pellet (2 gram. The group IV fish was exposed to Spirulina alone for 5 day. After the treatment fish was dissected out the organs like gill, liver and kidney were analysed enzymological parameters like Catalase (CAT) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) level. Antioxidant enzymes are biomarkers used to indicating the atrazine toxicity. The SOD, CAT and LPO are increased during the atrazine exposure period (P>0.05). In the group III atrazine along with Spirulina exposure the antioxidant enzymes was recovered (P>0.05). Present study undertaken the toxic effect of atrazine on Cyprinus carpio fish and chelating property of Spirulina