Survey on the digenean and monogenean helminthes of clupeidae (teleosts) from southern part of Caspian Sea

The helminthes parasites fauna of 313 specimens of Caspian herrings (Clupeonella cultriventris, Clupeonella engrauliformis, Clupeonella grimmi) caught from catching localities situated in southeast of Caspian Sea Were investigated during winter 2008 until autumn 2009. A total of 3 helminthes species were found. They were including Pseudopentagramma symmetrica from intestine (mid gut, hind gut and cecae) Bunocotyle cingulata in intestine, Mazocreas alosae the only monogenean with Marine origin in the gills of infected specimens. In addition to two zoonotic species including Contracecum sp. and Anisakis sp. in digestive system, muscle and ovary and an Acanthocephal, Corynosoma strumosum in intestine which were previously reported. We can conclude that the main characteristic of the helminthes parasites community of Clupeidae species studied is the dominance of the endoparasites species due mainly to the digenean Pseudopentagramma symmetrica and Bunocotyle cingulata and the relative scarcity of ectohelminthes fauna. In this paper the latest data of helminthes fauna and community ecology of digenean of Clupeidae species are presented and the community structure of Pseudopentagramma symmetrica is discussed

Synthesis of Copper Oxide (CuO) Nanoparticles and Surveying Its Bactericidal Properties against Aeromonas Hydrophila Bacteria

Background & Objective: CuO is one of the most important transition metal oxides due to its exclusive properties. It is used in various technological applications such as superconductors and gas sensors. Recently, it has been used as an antimicrobial agent against various bacterial species. In this study, we synthesized CuO nanoparticles and evaluated their antibacterial property.  Materials & Methods: Single crystalline nanoparticles of copper oxide having almost uniform particle size of 5-6 nm have been synthesized. The used technique is free from toxic solvents and amines, and it is based on a simple reaction of copper sulfate and De-ionized water (DI). In addition, their bactericidal effects against Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966T bacteria were investigated. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined with well diffusion method and liquid culture for all of the Aeromonas hydrophila culture Medias.  Results: XRD(X Ray Diffraction) spectra confirmed the formation of single phase CuO nanoparticles. A minimum crystallite size of 5-6 nm was observed in the case of CuO nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy results corroborate well with XRD results. CuO nanoparticles exhibited inhibitory effects against Gram-negative bacteria.  Conclusion: The present study confirms that copper oxide nanoparticles have great ability as an antimicrobial agent against Aeromonas hydrophila