Performance Analysis of WDM Network Based On EDFA Amplifier with Different Pumping Techniques

A key mechanism for Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) implementation in optical network systems is gain flatness of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA). The main intention of this paper is to correct the non-uniformity in the gain for every single channel so that the amplitude gain of the Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) arrangement can be equalized.The software used in this paper is Optisystem 13 so as to accomplish gain flatness of EDFA. The gains are flattened inside 27dB from 1546nm to 1568nm group of wavelength with noise figure < 14dB and we have also seen the effect of various pumping techniques on gain and noise figure. A WDM system arrangement that includes an EDFA is modeled and obtained maximum uniformed gains

Measurement of Body Mass Index (BMI) using PIC 18F452 Microcontroller

The aim of the project was to design a microcontroller based automated Body Mass Index (BMI)calculator with LCD display, which calculates the body mass index using the two basic parameters that are weight and height. The hardware of the project consists of a weighing mechanism i.e. weighing machine, which is used to calculate the body weight of a person, and a height sensing mechanism i.e. LDR, which is use to calculate the height of a person. The weight of the person is calculated in Kilograms and the height in meters in accordance of the BMI standard formula [3]. The microcontroller based automated Body Mass Index calculator is a useful device when it comes to controlling your weight and maintaining a healthy life style. The calculated weight of the person through weighing machine, converts the mechanical force into electrical signals that can be easily obtain after processing through microcontroller. While the height of the person is calculated by the LDR , when dark light falls on it the resistance value decreases and we get high voltage at output. All this data is manipulated through microcontroller and then the result is displayed on the LCD display and a message is sent through GSM module to the person about his BMI and the suggestions related to it. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.16049