Determination of population structure and stock composition of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Russia determined with microsatellites

Variation at 14 microsatellite loci was examined in 34 chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) populations from Russia and evaluated for its use in the determination of population structure and stock composition in simulated mixed-stock fishery samples. The genetic differentiation index (Fst) over all populations and loci was 0.017, and individual locus values ranged from 0.003 to 0.054. Regional population structure was observed, and populations from Primorye, Sakhalin Island, and northeast Russia were the most distinct. Microsatellite variation provided evidence of a more fine-scale population structure than those that had previously been demonstrated with other genetic-based markers. Analysis of simulated mixed-stock samples indicated that accurate and precise regional estimates of stock composition were produced when the microsatellites were used to estimate stock compositions. Microsatellites can be used to determine stock composition in geographically separate Russian coastal chum salmon fisheries and provide a greater resolution of stock composition and population structure than that previously provided with other techniques

Spatial structure of 2,2-dimethyl-5-alkyl-1,3,2,5-dioxasilaphosphorinanes

A study was made of the IR spectra and dipole moments of some heterocycles that simultaneously contain phosphorus and silicon atoms. The preferential conformation of the dioxasilaphosphorinanes is discussed. © 1979 Plenum Publishing Corporation

Dipole moments of organophosphorus compounds 17. Polarity and anisotropy of polarizability of the o,o-dimethylaryl phosphonates

1. The O,O-dimethylaryl phosphonates exist as mixed conformera, the CH3O group being in something close to gauche orientation with respect to the P-O bond. 2. The aryl radicals are unsymmetrically arranged in these compounds, being close to shielding of the single P-O bonds. © 1979 Plenum Publishing Corporation

Rotational isomerism of some 1-substituted silatranes

It was shown by the DM method that the γ′ conformation of the side chain is realized in the 1-γ-halo-propylsilatranes, the gauche form is realized predominantly in the 1-thioethoxymethylsilatranes, while a trans orientation of the C-S bond with respect to the silatrane fragment is realized in the 1-β-thioethoxye-thylsilatranes. © 1978 Plenum Publishing CorporationPlenum Publishing Corporation

Dipole moments of organophosphorus compounds. 16. Conformations of trimethylsilyl groups in some phosphites, phosphates, and phosphonates

1. A study has been made of the dipole moments, Kerr constants, and IR spectra of silicon-containing phosphites, phosphates, and phosphonates. 2. The silicon-containing phosphates and phosphonates exist as equilibrium mixtures of various conformers, the predominant form being that in which the P=0 (S, Se) and (CH3)3SiO groups are in cis orientation. 3. The trimethylsilyl group preferentially occupies a gauche position with respect to the unshared electron pair of the phosphorus atom in compounds containing phosphorus in three-coordination. © 1978 Plenum Publishing Corporation

Language Identity as a Unifying Identity: Linguistic, Ethnopolitical and International Legal Aspects

The article is devoted to the problem of constructing a unifying identity through the commonality of language as an alternative to the concepts and practices most widely spread in the modern world, which are understood as the construction of a single ethnic identity (including the concepts of ethnonation and ethnonationalism), as well as the construction of general civil identity and "civil" nation. The primary attention is paid to the methodology of ethnology and social sciences in general, as well as to the scientific grounds and methods of the construction of a unifying identity through language. The evolution of methods of social sciences, changes in paradigms in ethnology, some linguistic theories in the problematic area of interdisciplinary research relevant to the issues of linguistic identity are considered. The international legal aspects of an ethnos are also considered; the inseparable connection between the phenomena of ethnicity, an ethnos and collective rights of an individual, on the one hand, and the phenomenon of native language and collective rights as one of the formats of existence and exercising personal rights and freedoms is postulated. The conclusion is made about the possibility, advantages, and potential social stability of the construction of a unifying identity that harmonises ethnic relationships through language identity.

Novel effectively carbonaceous and sulfurated hydrogen corrosion inhibitors on the basis of organosulfurphosphorus compounds

Novel ammonium salts of O,O-dialkyl dithiophosphoric acids were obtained by one-pot synthesis from white phosphorus, elemental sulfur, industrial alcohols or phenols, and amines. Long-chain S-alkyl O,O-dialkyldithiophosphonates were prepared by the reaction of red phosphorus with elemental sulfur, alcohols, and the cheap industrial fractions of C16-C18 and C 20-C26 of higher α-olefins in the presence of Lewis acid catalyst. The dithiophosphates obtained possess the high anticorrosion activities toward mild steel. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

Selection due to nonretention mortality in gillnet fisheries for salmon

Fisheries often exert selective pressures through elevated mortality on a nonrandom component of exploited stocks. Selective removal of individuals will alter the composition of a given population, with potential consequences for its size structure, stability and evolution. Gillnets are known to harvest fish according to size. It is not known, however, whether delayed mortality due to disentanglement from gillnets exerts selective pressures that reinforce or counteract harvest selection. We examined gillnet disentanglement in exploited populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Bristol Bay, Alaska, to characterize the length distribution of fish that disentangle from gillnets and determine whether nonretention mortality reinforces harvest selection and exerts common pressures according to sex and age. We also evaluated discrete spawning populations to determine whether nonretention affects populations with different morphologies in distinct ways. In aggregate, nonretention mortality in fish that disentangle from gillnets counters harvest selection but with different effects by sex and age. At the level of individual spawning populations, nonretention mortality may exert stabilizing, disruptive, or directional selection depending on the size distribution of a given population. Our analyses suggest nonretention mortality exerts significant selective pressures and should be explicitly included in analyses of fishery-induced selection

Single nucleotide polymorphisms unravel hierarchical divergence and signatures of selection among Alaskan sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Disentangling the roles of geography and ecology driving population divergence and distinguishing adaptive from neutral evolution at the molecular level have been common goals among evolutionary and conservation biologists. Using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) multilocus genotypes for 31 sockeye salmon (<it>Oncorhynchus nerka</it>) populations from the Kvichak River, Alaska, we assessed the relative roles of geography (discrete boundaries or continuous distance) and ecology (spawning habitat and timing) driving genetic divergence in this species at varying spatial scales within the drainage. We also evaluated two outlier detection methods to characterize candidate SNPs responding to environmental selection, emphasizing which mechanism(s) may maintain the genetic variation of outlier loci.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>For the entire drainage, Mantel tests suggested a greater role of geographic distance on population divergence than differences in spawn timing when each variable was correlated with pairwise genetic distances. Clustering and hierarchical analyses of molecular variance indicated that the largest genetic differentiation occurred between populations from distinct lakes or subdrainages. Within one population-rich lake, however, Mantel tests suggested a greater role of spawn timing than geographic distance on population divergence when each variable was correlated with pairwise genetic distances. Variable spawn timing among populations was linked to specific spawning habitats as revealed by principal coordinate analyses. We additionally identified two outlier SNPs located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II that appeared robust to violations of demographic assumptions from an initial pool of eight candidates for selection.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>First, our results suggest that geography and ecology have influenced genetic divergence between Alaskan sockeye salmon populations in a hierarchical manner depending on the spatial scale. Second, we found consistent evidence for diversifying selection in two loci located in the MHC class II by means of outlier detection methods; yet, alternative scenarios for the evolution of these loci were also evaluated. Both conclusions argue that historical contingency and contemporary adaptation have likely driven differentiation between Kvichak River sockeye salmon populations, as revealed by a suite of SNPs. Our findings highlight the need for conservation of complex population structure, because it provides resilience in the face of environmental change, both natural and anthropogenic.</p

Academic Performance in Different Learning Formats: Contribution of Procrastination and Coping Strategies

The purpose of this research was to study the effect on academic performance of changing the learning format and the contribution of procrastination and coping strategies to the academic performance of students, when changing the learning format from contact to distance. Research methods: analysis of academic performance, Lay General Procrastination Scale in adapted by Vindeker, COPE Kraver in adaptation by Rasskazova; Greenglass Proactive Coping Behavior questionnaire, adaptation by Starchenkova; mathematical methods. The sample size was 151 people. According to the results: 1) The learning format affects the academic performance of students. The nature of this influence, along with external factors, is mediated by a number of psychological characteristics of students, in particular, the level of procrastination and the nature of coping strategies. 2) When switching from contact to distance learning, the success of educational activities was associated with the level of academic performance. The transition to the distance format led to an improvement in the performance of senior students. 3) Students with low academic performance have a higher level of general procrastination associated with delay in making vital decisions than students with high academic performance. 4) Students with low academic performance are more likely to use humor as a coping strategy, and this is associated with a deterioration in academic performance. High academic students are more likely to find emotional support, and this is associated with improved academic performance. The research result can be used in the development of work programs of academic disciplines in a differentiated manner for senior and junior students