The biogeographic basis of Ebola-virus disease outbreaks: A model for other zoonotic diseases?

We first determined the differential role of favorability of environmental conditions and mammalian chorotypes in explaining the presence of the Ebola virus in Africa. We then combined environmental factors and chorotypes using fuzzy logic, which better explained the distribution of Ebola virus. The core area for the virus was associated with human infections of known animal origin, with infections of unknown source detected in areas that are biogeographically more peripheral. Variation in the environmental favorability for disease outbreaks may be monitored using indices of macroclimatic oscillations. This may provide the basis for an early warning system based on the variation in macroclimatic indices and the locations where human contact with multiple animal species tend to occur. We propose to study the biogeography of zoonoses by: 1) determining the potential spatial distribution of these diseases, according to environmental factors and the biogeographic structure of animals linked to the zoonosis cycle; 2) search for relationships between disease outbreaks and global atmospheric oscillations to forecast periods of higher risk of emergence of the infectious diseases.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Histopathological findings of pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Objectives: To describe the histopathological features of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) with special reference to the epithelial and mesenchymal components. Study design: 189 PA were selected and classified as myxoid or stroma-rich, cellular or cell-rich and classic (balanced amount of epithelial and stromal components). The epithelial component was analyzed according to the presence of plasmacytoid, spindle, clear, squamous, basaloid, cubic, oncocytoid and mucous cells and the morphological pattern (trabecular, ductal, cystic and solid). The stromal component was analyzed according to the presence of myxoid, hyaline, chondroid or calcified tissue. Results: Plasmacytoid cells were the most commonly found cellular type followed by fusiform and cuboidal cells. Trabeculae and duct-like structures were the most frequent patterns formed by the epithelial cells. Myxoid and chondroid stroma were the most frequently found mesenchymal-like tissue usually forming the so called myxochondroid stroma. Conclusion: The knowledge of the immense variety of cells, architectures and morphological characteristics present in PA of the salivary gland is essential for a correct diagnosis.142E57E61Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)FAPESP [03/12658-9

TALEN-Mediated Inactivation of PD-1 in Tumor-Reactive Lymphocytes Promotes Intratumoral T-cell Persistence and Rejection of Established Tumors

Despite the promising efficacy of adoptive cell therapies (ACT) in melanoma, complete response rates remain relatively low and outcomes in other cancers are less impressive. The immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment and the expression of immune-inhibitory ligands, such as PD-L1/CD274 by the tumor and stroma are considered key factors limiting efficacy. The addition of checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) to ACT protocols bypasses some mechanisms of immunosuppression, but associated toxicities remain a significant concern. To overcome PD-L1–mediated immunosuppression and reduce CPI-associated toxicities, we used TALEN technology to render tumor-reactive T cells resistant to PD-1 signaling. Here, we demonstrate that inactivation of the PD-1 gene in melanoma-reactive CD8+ T cells and in fibrosarcoma-reactive polyclonal T cells enhanced the persistence of PD-1 gene-modified T cells at the tumor site and increased tumor control. These results illustrate the feasibility and potency of approaches incorporating advanced gene-editing technologies into ACT protocols to silence immune checkpoints as a strategy to overcome locally active immune escape pathways

Differential recovery of habitat use by birds after wind farm installation: A multi-year comparison

Onshore wind farms remain one of the most widely used technologies for the production of renewable energy. These are known to affect birds through disturbance or collision. Most research focus on the impact of wind farms on raptors or other large bird species, especially those of conservation concern. However, limited information exists on the effect of wind farms on small birds. Recovery of large versus small bird populations impacted by wind farms is also largely unstudied. A reason for this is the lack of long-term datasets based on standardized, systematic assessments. We monitored birds in the vicinity of a wind farm in an upland habitat in southern Spain (Malaga province), immediately after installation and 6.5 years post-construction. During both study periods, we observed 11 raptor and 38 non-raptor species (including 30 passerines). We found differences in recovery rates between raptors and non-raptors. Raptors showed an upturn in numbers but non-raptor abundance fell significantly. Greater attention should be paid to the recovery of wildlife after initial impact assessments than at present. This study confirms that regulatory authorities and developers should consider the likely impacts of wind farms on small bird populations. Mitigation measures focused particularly on non-raptor species should be considered and implemented as a means to reduce these negative effects

The legal international wildlife trade favours invasive species establishment: the Monk and Ring-necked parakeets in Spain

The international wildlife trade is a lucrative business. Although a huge variety of animal groups are trafficked, the Psittaciformes (parrots) are amongst the most traded avian groups. Deliberate or accidental releases of imported parrots have led to the establishment of feral populations in many countries. Far from their native habitats, parrots may cause economic and ecological damage, and may even favour the transmission of zoonotic diseases. Despite this, the links between numbers of imported individuals and the establishment of non-native populations is not well known. In this study, we analysed data on imports of two well-known invasive parrots, the Monk Parakeet Myiopsita monachus and the Ring-necked Parakeet Psittacula krameri, in Spain. We contrasted this information with the growth of known naturalised populations of these species from 1975 to 2015 and compared the success of these two species with other Psittaciformes imported in similar numbers into the country. We show that more than 190,000 Monk Parakeets were imported from Uruguay and Argentina, and almost 63,000 Ring-necked Parakeets were legally brought into the country from Pakistan and Senegal. For both species, wild populations grew exponentially following peak importation periods in 2015 (18,980–21,455 Monk Parakeets and 3,005–3,115 Ring-necked Parakeets). Even though imports of the two species were banned in Spain in 2005, wild populations are now self-sustaining. We argue that these parrot populations started from accidental and deliberate bird escapes, especially from birds originally captured in the wild. Although lack of more precise data makes it difficult for us to propose clear statistical associations between imports and established bird populations, we nonetheless suggest that the international trade is with some certainty the main cause for the origin of naturalised populations of invasive species in Spain. Our conclusions are useful to help manage similar animal groups that are numerous in the wildlife trade, especially for wild-caught social species.—Lucrecia Souviron-Priego, Antonio Román Muñoz, Jesús Olivero, J. Mario Vargas & John E. Fa. (2018). The legal international wildlife trade favours invasive species establishment: the Monk and Ring-neked Parakeets in Spain

Gestión cinegética racional ligada a la praxis de la caza y la recolección. ¿Entelequia aristotélica o quimera?

Rational management of hunting and gathering: An Aristotelian entelechy or a chimera? Since the dawn of time, consumption of animal protein has been crucially important to the evolution of humans. Cooperative hunting is an Evolutionarily Stable Strategy from the time when Palaeolithic hunters specialized in the pursuit of large animals. The entire process involves making decisions related to game management, some of which are still used by contemporary hunter-gatherers. In these societies, which still practice subsistence hunting, the composition of their diets and the exploitation techniques employed are explained by the theoretical underpinnings contained in the Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT). In order to test this theory, we have taken into account four decisions involving the adoption of different management strategies by hunter-gatherers: I) what to eat, II) where and how to look for food, III) the most appropriate size and composition of the group of hunter-gatherers and IV) the most efficient guidelines for the handling and distribution of prey. The OFT has been tested several times, and in a high percentage of cases studied, its predictions fit observations made in various hunter-gatherer societies. This means that maximizing catch yields in the short term is their main concern, rather than behaving as ‘cautious predators’ or passively selecting prey according to their size, accessibility and abundance. Such behaviour does not contradict the possibility that hunter-gatherers can act as conservationists, but discards the idea that this is the main focus of their way of life. There is no doubt that indigenous peoples have a wide knowledge of the environment, but it is unclear this knowledge is used to maintain a balance with nature or to be more efficient hunters. It more likely that the presence of sustainable hunting of game is due to low hunting pressure in areas where animal prey is abundant, and is thus an epiphenomenon rather than a deliberate strategy by hunters to conserve prey stocks. On the basis of available data, to continue to uphold the myth of the ‘ecologically noble savage’ is as fallacious as it is dangerous in the face of current and future problems. This misconception stems, in part, from the confusion of what is meant by sustainability and conservation. However, it should be noted that the conclusions drawn in this review are strictly academic and do not justify improper moral judgments about the rights of hunter-gatherers.Gestión cinegética racional ligada a la praxis de la caza y la recolección. ¿Entelequia aristotélica o quimera? Desde los albores de su historia filogenética, el consumo de proteínas de origen animal ha tenido gran relevancia en la evolución de los humanos. La caza cooperativa representa una estrategia evolutiva estable a partir del momento en que los cazadores paleolíticos se especializan en la persecución de grandes animales. Todo este proceso implica la adopción de decisiones relacionadas con la gestión de la caza, algunas de las cuales siguen siendo utilizadas por los cazadores-recolectores contemporáneos. En estas sociedades que todavía practican la caza como medio de subsistencia, la composición de sus respectivas dietas y las técnicas de explotación empleadas son explicables bajo supuestos teóricos contenidos en la Teoría del Forrajeo Óptimo (TFO). Con objeto de poner a prueba dicha teoría, se han tomado en consideración cuatro decisiones que implican la adopción de diferentes estrategias de gestión por parte de los cazadores-recolectores: I) qué comer, II) dónde y cómo buscar el alimento, III) cuáles son el tamaño y composición más adecuados del grupo de cazadores-recolectores y IV) qué pautas de manipulación y reparto de las presas son más eficientes. La TFO se ha puesto a prueba en diversas ocasiones y, en un alto porcentaje de los casos estudiados, sus predicciones se ajustan a lo observado en distintas sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras. Esto significa que la maximización de los rendimientos de captura a corto plazo es su principal preocupación, en lugar de comportarse como “depredadores prudentes” o realizar una selección pasiva de sus presas en función del tamaño, accesibilidad y abundancia de las mismas. Dicho comportamiento no niega que los cazadores-recolectores actúen como conservacionistas pero descarta que esa sea la principal preocupación de su modo de vida. No cabe duda de que los pueblos indígenas tienen un amplio conocimiento del medio, pero no está claro si lo utilizan para mantener un balance con la naturaleza o para ser cazadores más eficientes Es más probable que la extracción sostenible se deba a una baja presión de caza en zonas donde abundan las presas, lo que constituye un epifenómeno en lugar de una estrategia deliberada de conservación. A tenor de los datos disponibles, seguir manteniendo el mito del salvaje ecológicamente noble es tan falaz como peligroso de cara a la solución de sus problemas presentes y futuros. Dicha concepción errónea deriva, en parte, de confundir sostenibilidad y conservación. No obstante, resulta oportuno recordar que las conclusiones derivadas de la presente revisión tienen un valor estrictamente académico y no justifican juicios morales improcedentes respecto a los derechos de los cazadores-recolectores

A large-scale assessment of European rabbit damage to agriculture in Spain

BACKGROUND: Numerous small and medium-sized mammal pests cause widespread and economically significant damage to crops all over the globe. However, most research on pest species has focused on accounts of the level of damage. There are fewer studies concentrating on the description of crop damage caused by pests at large geographical scales, or on analysing the ecological and anthropogenic factors correlated with these observed patterns. We investigated the relationship between agricultural damage by the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and environmental and anthropogenic variables throughout Spain. RESULTS: Rabbit damage was mainly concentrated within the central-southern regions of Spain. We found that rabbit damage has increased significantly between the early 2000s and 2013. Greater losses were typical of those areas where farming dominated and natural vegetation was scarce, where main railways and highways were present, and where environmental conditions were generally favourable for rabbit populations to proliferate. CONCLUSIONS: From our analysis we suggest that roads and railway lines act as potential corridors along which rabbits can spread. The recent increase in Spain of such infrastructure may explain the rise in rabbit damage reported in this study. Our approach is valuable as a method for assessing drivers of wildlife pest damage at large spatial scales, and can be used to propose methods to reduce human-wildlife conflict

Daños: Evaluación de un problema

Mientras hay zonas en las que el conejo prácticamente ha desaparecido debido a enfermedades como la RHD, en otras sus desproporcionadas poblaciones causan grandes daños en los cultivos. En el artículo que publicamos a continuación, un equipo de investigadores analiza estadísticamente este fenómeno mediante las quejas de los agricultores aparecidas en internet comparadas con otros datos, una forma original y operativa de entender el problema a escala nacional

Critical analysis of the influence of transnational capitalism on institutions and organizations

This paper aims to analyze the development of capitalism and its influences on institutions and organizations from its beginnings to reach the highest stage in the processes of neoliberal economic globalization and the New Economy version with support of information and communication technologies. In raising this development from a critical analysis, it examines the impacts and effects on individuals, communities and the nation state. Subsequently it is questioned the scope of the imposed transnational neoliberal capitalism model. Finally, it is concluded that it needs a cultural transformation for not accepting the forms of domination, power and alignment of globalizing capitalism and to reconstruct the identity of communities through individual action and asserting collective self-determination, independence and self-management