3,802 research outputs found
Investigating the Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal-Axis Functioning and Attentional Biases to Emotional Information: An Experimental Study.
Sleep deprivation is associated with a number of negative health outcomes, such as stress-related disorders (e.g., depression and insomnia). However, the mechanisms by which sleep deprivation leads to poor health are unclear. Therefore, directly examining the consequences of sleep deprivation and how they may inform our understanding of stress-related disorders is a major public health concern. The primary aim of the current study was to examine the effect of total sleep deprivation on diurnal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis (HPA-axis) and attentional biases to emotional information. Participants included 40 healthy young adults between the ages of 18 – 29. Participants were randomized into either a sleep deprivation condition or a sleep control condition. Following the experimental night, all participants completed cognitive testing, online self-report questionnaires, and a laboratory stress protocol (i.e., Trier Social Stress Test). Salivary cortisol was collected in the morning during the first hour after awakening and during the stress protocol. During the week prior to coming in to the laboratory, participants wore actigraphy devices and completed a sleep diary to assess their baseline sleep patterns. Our data indicated that there were significant group differences in cortisol following the laboratory stressor. Specifically, the results demonstrated that participants in the sleep deprivation condition had greater baseline (i.e., pre-stress) cortisol, but that it was participants in the control condition that showed greater cortisol reactivity to the stressor. Participants in the sleep-deprived condition instead had a blunted endocrine response to stress. Furthermore, our findings revealed that while participants in the control condition demonstrated a traditional rise and fall of cortisol following awakening (i.e., cortisol awakening response), the participants in the sleep deprivation condition showed no increases in morning cortisol. Finally, the data revealed that while controlling for insomnia symptoms, sleep deprivation was not associated with a greater negative bias. In contrast, sleep deprivation predicted a significantly reduced positive attentional bias, but only among participants with low self-reported sleep difficulties. The current study was the first to use a carefully controlled sleep manipulation to examine the specific physiological (i.e., HPA-axis) and psychological (attentional biases) consequences of sleep deprivation.PhDPsychologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/120796/1/ivargas_1.pd
Human Trafficking in the United States
This paper gives an overview of human trafficking across the global and a focus within the United States. This paper analyzes two variables: poverty and unemployment rate for the year 2012, 2014 and 2016. Furthermore, this paper will apply economic fundamentals concepts within the human trafficking market. As poverty and unemployment rates decline within the past years, the cases of human trafficking has double. There are more factors contributing the number of cases increasing in regards to human trafficking
MEDIA MANIPULATION AND PERSEVERANCE
Media manipulation is a technique the media use to paint a false image that persuades their audience to their views on topics. In 1984, by George Orwell, the falsification of history and constant propaganda spread by the Ministries are an eerie resemblance to today’s American media spreading false information and biased viewpoints to implement irrational thoughts and emotions to their audience. The significance of media manipulation is the impact it has on American citizens as media in the digital era is at constant show and citizens are constantly taking in false information. The research conducted was on a survey after a hearing after a major debriefing from President Bush about Saddam Hussein containing weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
Crayfish Harvesting Practices in the Southern Atchafalaya River Basin: Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Harvester Techniques and Hydrologic Connectivity Influence on Harvesting Strategies
Fisheries produce important impacts around the world through the exploitation of a wide range of species. In Louisiana, crayfish is the most emblematic crustacean and supports a multi-million industry based on pond culture and harvest from natural habitats. Although the economic value (USD) of wild-harvested crayfish has decreased from 10% to 3% of total crayfish value from 2013 to 2015, wild harvested crayfish are highly desired by many consumers and have a strong socio-cultural importance in Louisiana and other Gulf of Mexico coastal regions. This project evaluated harvesting practices by: 1) field observation and mapping of harvest sites in southwestern Atchafalaya River Basin; and 2) directed interviews with individual harvesters. Field observations included trap locations, water quality, habitat components, and fishery independent sampling. Weekly field observations were conducted along four transects across a gradient of water quality over two harvesting seasons (2015 and 2016). I also assessed floodplain connectivity with river water sources by conservative tracers sampled at each water quality site biweekly during 2016. Directed interviews of 23 harvesters provided data on fishing strategies, factors used to decide when to start fishing, and selection of harvesting locations. Trap density was first assessed for spatial autocorrelation by Pearson Chi-Square Quadrat Test and Nearest Neighbor Tests and then by generalized linear models including water quality, habitat, harvester answers and conservative tracers. Analyses demonstrated that trap locations were not random, i.e., traps were set in relatively clear water (NTU \u3c 69.4) in in depths from 1-3 m or 3-3.6 m. Very few traps were set high turbidity water regardless of depth. Trap density was positively associated with river water inputs, based on conservative tracer results. Harvester interviews corroborated the importance of tradition (35% - 47%) and depth (88%) when starting harvesting and setting traps. Additionally, harvesters (\u3e 40%) considered water color (likely a surrogate for turbidity) important for trap locations. Although harvesters may not be using water vii quality and chemistry data, their harvesting practices do follow water movements, likely based on accumulated experience with depth, flow velocity and turbidity
Evaluation of an FDA approved library against laboratory models of human intestinal nematode infections
Treatment options for infections with soil-transmitted helminths (STH) - Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the two hookworm species, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus - are limited despite their considerable global health burden. The aim of the present study was to test the activity of an openly available FDA library against laboratory models of human intestinal nematode infections.; All 1,600 drugs were first screened against Ancylostoma ceylanicum third-stage larvae (L3). Active compounds were scrutinized and toxic compounds, drugs indicated solely for topical use, and already well-studied anthelmintics were excluded. The remaining hit compounds were tested in parallel against Trichuris muris first-stage larvae (L1), Heligmosomoides polygyrus third-stage larvae (L3), and adult stages of the three species in vitro. In vivo studies were performed in the H. polygyrus and T. muris mice models.; Fifty-four of the 1,600 compounds tested revealed an activity of > 60 % against A. ceylanicum L3 (hit rate of 3.4 %), following incubation at 200 μM for 72 h. Twelve compounds progressed into further screens. Adult A. ceylanicum were the least affected (1/12 compounds active at 50 μM), while eight of the 12 test compounds revealed activity against T. muris L1 (100 μM) and adults (50 μM), and H. polygyrus L3 (200 μM). Trichlorfon was the only compound active against all stages of A. ceylanicum, H. polygyrus and T. muris. In addition, trichlorfon achieved high worm burden reductions of 80.1 and 98.9 %, following a single oral dose of 200 mg/kg in the T. muris and H. polygyrus mouse model, respectively.; Drug screening on the larval stages of intestinal parasitic nematodes is feasible using small libraries and important given the empty drug discovery and development pipeline for STH infections. Differences and commonalities in drug activities across the different STH species and stages were confirmed. Hits identified might serve as a starting point for drug discovery for STH
The Cortisol Awakening Response and Depressive Symptomatology: The Moderating Role of Sleep and Gender
The association between depression and the cortisol awakening response (CAR) has been widely examined, yet the results are mixed and factors responsible for such inconsistencies are poorly understood. The current study investigated whether the link between depressive symptomatology and CAR varied as a function of two such factors: sleep and gender. The sample included 58 young adults (30 females; Mageâ =â 18.7; SDageâ =â 0.91). Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory as well as the Consensus Sleep Diary to assess depressive symptomatology and daily sleep patterns, respectively. Participants also provided four salivary cortisol samples (0, 30, 45 and 60â min after awakening) during two consecutive weekdays. Results demonstrated that greater depressive symptoms were associated with a greater CAR but only when depressive symptoms were linked to a shorter sleep time. In addition, gender significantly moderated the association between depressive symptoms and CAR. While greater depressive symptoms were associated with an elevated CAR among females, they were associated with a blunted CAR among males. These findings provide some insight into potential mechanisms linking depressive symptomatology and CAR, and suggest that future studies examining CAR as a biomarker of depression should account for differences in sleep and gender. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138213/1/smi2691_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138213/2/smi2691.pd
Presentación
Presentació
Impactos ecológicos, económicos y sociales del sector cacaotero colombiano
Due to its excellent quality, Colombian cocoa has become a product that has made considerable inroads in the national and international market, increasing its demand and the effects inherent to its production practices. This scope review was carried out following the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), which allowed the selection of 72 documents, whose information extraction led to the identification and standardization of the economic, ecological and social impacts of the cocoa sector in the different producing cities of Colombia, of which Santander, Antioquia, Arauca, Huila and Tolima stand out since they generate 70 % of the cocoa production at the national level. In the review, a total of 13 social, 25 ecological and 21 economic impacts are clearly observed, which correspond to the most persistent impacts evidenced in the different investigations carried out in this country.El cacao colombiano, debido a su excelente calidad, se ha convertido en un producto que ha incursionado de manera considerable en el mercado nacional e internacional, lo que ha incrementado su demanda y con ello los efectos inherentes a sus prácticas productivas. Esta revisión de alcance se realizó siguiendo las orientaciones del Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), lo que permitió la selección de 72 documentos, cuya extracción de información condujo a la identificación y homologación de los impactos económicos, ecológicos y sociales del sector cacaotero en los diferentes departamentos productores de Colombia, de los cuales destacan los departamentos de Santander, Antioquia, Arauca, Huila y Tolima, quienes generan el 70% de la producción de cacao a nivel nacional. En la revisión, se observa claramente un total de 13 impactos sociales, 25 ecológicos y 21 económicos, que corresponden a los impactos más persistentes evidenciados en las diferentes investigaciones desarrolladas en este país.El cacao colombiano, debido a su excelente calidad, se ha convertido en un producto que ha incursionado de manera considerable en el mercado nacional e internacional, lo que ha incrementado su demanda y con ello los efectos inherentes a sus prácticas productivas. Esta revisión de alcance se realizó siguiendo las orientaciones del Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), lo que permitió la selección de 72 documentos, cuya extracción de información condujo a la identificación y homologación de los impactos económicos, ecológicos y sociales del sector cacaotero en los diferentes departamentos productores de Colombia, de los cuales destacan los departamentos de Santander, Antioquia, Arauca, Huila y Tolima, quienes generan el 70% de la producción de cacao a nivel nacional. En la revisión, se observa claramente un total de 13 impactos sociales, 25 ecológicos y 21 económicos, que corresponden a los impactos más persistentes evidenciados en las diferentes investigaciones desarrolladas en este país
Gas Hydrate and Free Gas Concentrations in Two Sites inside the Chilean Margin (Itata and Valdivia Offshores)
Two sectors, Itata and Valdivia, which are located in the Chilean margin were analysed by using seismic data with the main purpose to characterize the gas hydrate concentration. Strong lateral velocity variations are recognised, showing a maximum value in Valdivia offshore (2380 ms−1 above the BSR) and a minimum value in the Itata offshore (1380 m·s−1 below the BSR). In both of the sectors, the maximum hydrate concentration reaches 17% of total volume, while the maximum free gas concentration is located Valdivia offshore (0.6% of total volume) in correspondence of an uplift sector. In the Itata offshore, the geothermal gradient that is estimated is variable and ranges from 32 °C·km−1 to 87 °C·km−1, while in Valdivia offshore it is uniform and about 35 °C·km−1. When considering both sites, the highest hydrate concentration is located in the accretionary prism (Valdivia offshore) and highest free gas concentration is distributed upwards, which may be considered as a natural pathway for lateral fluid migration. The results that are presented here contribute to the global knowledge of the relationship between hydrate/free gas presence and tectonic features, such as faults and folds, and furnishes a piece of the regional hydrate potentiality Chile offshore
- …