Temperature Profiles for an Optimized Water Vapor Canopy

Calculations of equilibrium temperatures under a water vapor canopy which minimizes the greenhouse effect show that if the solar constant was less than 25% of today’s value the surface temperature would be livable. In fact, for a solar constant approaching 1% of today’s value it appears that a dense water vapor canopy would be necessary to avoid the entire atmosphere, including the oxygen and nitrogen, from precipitating to the surface as snow. If appropriate conditions can be demonstrated which justify the assumption of a much lower solar constant than typically studied, these calculations could revive consideration of an early earth covered by a water vapor canopy

Numerical Simulation of Precipitation Induced by Hot Mid-Ocean Ridges

A numerical global circulation model developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research was used to simulate the wind and precipitation patterns caused by a hot sea-surface temperature over the current mid-ocean ridge locations. In three separate simulations the surface was maintained at 30°C, 50°C, and 70°C in a pattern similar to the mid-ocean ridges. The model was run at each temperature condition for a year of real time and the wind and precipitation patterns studied. Climate simulations for the three different mid-ocean ridge temperatures showed that increased temperatures lead to increased precipitation over and downwind of the ridge, increased horizontal wind speed in the lower atmosphere, decreased horizontal wind speed aloft, and an increase in the frequency of upward vertical velocity over the ridges. The rate of precipitation exceeded 20 mm/day over large portions of the ridges and was up to 80 mm/day in limited areas. It was greatest over Greenland and the North Atlantic south of Greenland. Precipitation also extended over portions of the ocean away from the ridges, toward polar regions, and into continental areas, particularly near the equator. Precipitation rates and the area of coverage increased globally as the ridge temperature was increased. The effects appear to match many of the expectations from the Scriptures and inferred distributions of snow and ice coverage during the Ice Age

An Analytical Young-Earth Flow Model of the Ice Sheet Formation During the Ice-Age

Traditional interpretations of ice layers in polar regions have partially relied upon ice flow models which assume similar accumulation rates as those observed today and accumulation periods exceeding 100,000 years. If the Genesis Flood occurred less than 10,000 years ago and ice began to accumulate afterward at a high rate, decreasing to today\u27s value, a different flow model would be needed and a completely different interpretation would result. This paper describes the development of such an analytic young-earth flow model of ice-sheet formation. The model assumes that a sheet of ice accumulates snow on its upper surface and grows rapidly following the Flood. The accumulation rate is assumed to be ten times today\u27s rate near the end of the Flood, decreasing to that observed today. The thickness of the ice sheet is then a function of the accumulation rate, the thinning caused by the weight of the accumulated ice, and the time since it was laid down. The thickness of the Greenland ice sheet at Camp Century and the position of annual layers are calculated as a function of time, assuming the Flood occurred 4,500 years ago. The position of ice layers are applied to the oxygen 18 record and compared to the traditional distribution of oxygen 18 versus time. This alternative young-earth model compresses the Pleistocene record of oxygen 18 into a period of less than 500 years and expands the Holocene record into a period of about 4,000 years. This is in major contrast to the traditional model of hundreds of millennia for the pleistocene and about 10,000 years for the Holocene. If the Flood occurred 4,500 years ago, as assumed in this model, there would have been a quick Ice Age of less than 500 years. The oxygen 18 concentration would have decreased from a high value at the end of the Flood to a minimum 200-300 years later. It then would have increased rapidly from the minimum to the stable Holocene period in about 50 years. This latter change is in excellent agreement with the 40-year period of the Younger Dryas to the pre-boreal boundary suggested by several paleoclimatologists

Hypercanes Following the Genesis Flood

If the geologic processes of the Genesis Flood were as catastrophic as Biblical and scientific evidence suggests, the oceans would have been strongly heated by the release of magma from the mantle and the conversion of geologic work to heat. During and following the Flood, tremendous quantities of heat and water vapor would have been released into the atmosphere from the oceans. Local weather and global climate would have been dramatically altered for many years. Kerry Emanuel of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology suggests that hurricanes would intensify beyond normally observed intensities today if they existed over unusually warm water for extended periods of time. He calls these hurricanes, which could have horizontal winds exceeding 300 mph, hypercanes. They can be simulated in numerical mesoscale meteorology models when the sea-surface temperature is increased to temperatures warmer than about 30oC. This paper will explore the rate of development and intensity to which such hurricanes can reach when sea-surface temperatures are warmer than typically observed today. The amplification of Florence, a weak hurricane which formed in the Gulf of Mexico and moved northward toward New Orleans in 1988, is simulated by artificially setting the sea-surface temperature over a large area of the Gulf to 45oC, about 15oC warmer than the warmest waters in the tropics. The simulated hypercane immediately formed deep convection, dramatically increased its rate of rotation, quadrupled its vertical and horizontal winds, and increased its precipitation rate by a factor of about ten over that of the actual hurricane. It will be shown that warmer sea-surface temperatures likely during and following the Genesis Flood for many years would have produced hypercanes with great destructive power which could have continued the devastation over continental areas. Extreme precipitation events on the tropical continents for several hundred years after the Flood may have eroded large areas of unconsolidated sediments. In mid-latitude, polar, and high mountainous regions hypercanes probably would have contributed significantly to the accumulation of snow and ice during the “ice age”. It is recommended that simulations of hypercanes over the open ocean and for cooler sea-surface temperatures be conducted and the size to which they grow be identified. It is further recommended that the impact of heavy precipitation, winds, and storm surges be studied on the erosion of unconsolidated land masses near continental boundaries. Also, the contribution of hypercanes to the formation of ice sheets and glaciers during the ice age should be explored

The Age of the Earth\u27s Atmosphere Estimated By Its Helium Content

If the earth is billions of years old, the radioactive production of helium In the earth\u27s crust should have added a large quantity of helium to Its atmosphere. Current diffusion models all Indicate that helium escapes to space from the atmosphere at a rate much less than Its production rate. The low concentration of helium actually measured would suggest that the earth\u27s atmosphere must be quite young

A Proposed Mesoscale Simulation of Precipitation in Yosemite National Park with a Warm Ocean

This paper interprets the landforms of Yosemite National Park in light of a catastrophic, young-earth model. It hypothesizes that glaciation in Yosemite was driven by processes following the Genesis Flood. Essentially, the energy stored as heat in the oceans following the Flood is believed to have generated a gigantic El Niño effect. Enhanced precipitation fell as snow in polar latitudes and on mountains as far south as the southern Sierra Nevada. This event occurred over a short period of time following the Flood and movements of glaciers produced by the heavy snowfall reworked the topography as seen today. Plans are formulated to simulate precipitation over Yosemite National Park using MM5, a conventional mesoscale meteorology model, under strong westerly flow across a warm Pacific Ocean. The warm sea-surface temperature (SST) of the Pacific Ocean in this simulation should produce heavier rainfall at low elevations and snowfall at higher elevations for progressively warmer SSTs. It is anticipated that precipitation rates computed from this simulation will be sufficient to explain the formation of glaciers in the Sierra Nevada over only a few hundred years. Fluctuations in SST during deglaciation are also expected to explain the resurgence of glacial coverage observed in Yosemite National Park similar to the Younger Dryas on the East Coast. The current “cold” Pacific Ocean doesn’t maintain permanent glaciers in Yosemite today. The contrast in climates between today and the early post-Flood world should be dramatic

The Mechanism of Ice Crystal Growth and the Theory of Evolution

Ice crystal growth has been cited as an example of how evolution creates greater order. The modern explanation of ice crystal shape is described. The second law of thermodynamics is developed in terms of entropy change and applied to ice crystal growth. The difference between the operation of thermodynamic systems and their origin is discussed. It is concluded that ice crystal growth is similar to the operation of life processes but does not support the origin of life as described by the theory of evolution

The Sky Has Fallen

Of the various canopy models proposed to describe the climatic conditions before the flood of Noah and the 40-day, world-wide occurrence of rain, the vapor canopy model seems to provide the best explanation. Mathematical models of the vapor canopy are being developed to show Its stability and Implications on climate and weather prior to the flood. Model predictions are compared with historic evidences

Numerical Simulations of Winter Storms, Tropical Cyclones, and Nor’easters During the Ice Age Using the NCAR WRF Model With a Warm Ocean

The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) was used to simulate several winter storms traveling across Yosemite and Yellowstone National Parks, two tropical storms originating in the Caribbean Ocean, two tropical cyclones in the Arabian Sea, and three nor’easters on the East Coast of North America. The wind speed, precipitation, and pressure fields for each simulated storm compared well with characteristics of the observed storms. The sea-surface temperature of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Arabian Sea were artificially heated by 10oC (18oF) to approximate the conditions following the Genesis Flood and simulations run again. Changes in winds, storm motion, and precipitation were analyzed for the warmer temperature. The current locations of North America, the Arabian Sea, the Caribbean Ocean, and the East Coast of the United States were used in the simulations. Wind speed and precipitation were dramatically increased for all cases, as much as a six-fold increase in precipitation for the mountains of the western United States and in northeastern North America. The increased precipitation rate would have produced glaciers on the order of 1.1 km (3,000 feet) thick in less than 500 years. Tropical cyclones increased in intensity to become hypercyclones and their tracks significantly altered. Nor’easters were greatly intensified. These simulations showed that increased sea-surface temperature following the Genesis Flood was the likely cause of the ice age. Heavy snow occurred in the mountains of the western United States and in northeastern North America which explain past glaciation found in these locations. Hypercanes and enhanced nor’easters were fueled by the warm oceans and the deserts of Egypt, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Creationism. Pittsburgh, PA: Creation Science Fellowship Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Israel, Iraq, and Iran would have likely been much wetter for years after the Genesis Flood

A Conceptual Transition Model of the Atmospheric Global Circulation Following the Genesis Flood

The extremely energetic events of the Genesis Flood likely would have left the oceans warmer than today and relatively uniform from top to bottom and from equator to pole. Volcanic activity during and following the Flood likely would have caused rapid cooling at the top of the atmosphere, in polar regions, and over continents. The contrast between the warm oceans and cooler continents and polar regions would have resulted in greater storminess and a more intense global atmospheric circulation than observed today. This paper describes a conceptual model of the transition in global circulation, cloudiness, and precipitation from the end of the Flood to that of today. The model will be applied specifically to the interpretation of the ice core record at Camp Century, Greenland