The probable evidence of leprosy in a male individual unearthed in medieval Armenia (Angeghakot)

The objective of this study is to present the paleopathological lesions relevant to the discussion of the differential diagnosis of leprosy. Macroscopic, histological and X-ray observation of the bones and scrutiny of lesions according to the paleopathological literature allowed the identification of a probable case of leprosy in an adult male from Angeghakot (Early Middle Age, skeleton 4). The skeleton of a male (50–55 years) revealed several bony changes indicative of leprosy with clear rhino-maxillary syndrome. There is a scarcity of information in the osteoarchaeological literature of leprosy in ancient Armenia. The significance of this case is that it adds to an understanding of the history of the disease in Armenia and to the data set necessary to understand the epidemiological dynamics in the South Caucasus during the Early Middle Ages

Transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons in pp collisions at (s)\sqrt(s) = 0.9 and 2.36 TeV

Measurements of inclusive charged-hadron transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions are presented for proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 0.9 and 2.36 TeV. The data were collected with the CMS detector during the LHC commissioning in December 2009. For non-single-diffractive interactions, the average charged-hadron transverse momentum is measured to be 0.46 +/- 0.01 (stat.) +/- 0.01 (syst.) GeV/c at 0.9 TeV and 0.50 +/- 0.01 (stat.) +/- 0.01 (syst.) GeV/c at 2.36 TeV, for pseudorapidities between -2.4 and +2.4. At these energies, the measured pseudorapidity densities in the central region, dN(charged)/d(eta) for |eta| < 0.5, are 3.48 +/- 0.02 (stat.) +/- 0.13 (syst.) and 4.47 +/- 0.04 (stat.) +/- 0.16 (syst.), respectively. The results at 0.9 TeV are in agreement with previous measurements and confirm the expectation of near equal hadron production in p-pbar and pp collisions. The results at 2.36 TeV represent the highest-energy measurements at a particle collider to date

Nuclear effects on the transverse momentum spectra of charged particles in pPb collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02 TeV

Transverse momentum spectra of charged particles are measured by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV, in the range of $p_\mathrm{T}$ between 0.4 and 120 GeV/$c$ and pseudorapidity $|\eta_\mathrm{CM}|$ lower than 1.8 in the proton-nucleon center-of-mass frame. For $p_\mathrm{T}$ lower than 10 GeV/$c$, the charged-particle production is asymmetric about $|\eta_\mathrm{CM}|$ = 0, with smaller yield observed in the direction of the proton beam, qualitatively consistent with expectations from shadowing in nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDF). A pp reference spectrum at $\sqrt{s}$ =5.02 TeV is obtained by interpolation from previous measurements at higher and lower center-of-mass energies. The $p_\mathrm{T}$ distribution measured in pPb collisions shows an enhancement of charged particles with $p_\mathrm{T}$ larger than 20 GeV/$c$ compared to expectations from the pp reference. The enhancement is larger than predicted by perturbative quantum chromodynamic calculations that include antishadowing modifications of nPDFs

Measurement of transverse momentum relative to dijet systems in PbPb and pp collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76 TeV

An analysis of dijet events in PbPb and pp collisions is performed to explore the properties of energy loss by partons traveling in a quark-gluon plasma. Data are collected at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV at the LHC. The distribution of transverse momentum (pT) surrounding dijet systems is measured by selecting charged particles in different ranges of pT and at different angular cones of pseudorapidity and azimuth. The measurement is performed as a function of centrality of the PbPb collisions, the pT asymmetry of the jets in the dijet pair, and the distance parameter R used in the anti-kt jet clustering algorithm. In events with unbalanced dijets, PbPb collisions show an enhanced multiplicity in the hemisphere of the subleading jet, with the pT imbalance compensated by an excess of low-pT particles at large angles from the jet axes

Evidence for Transverse Momentum and Pseudorapidity Dependent Event Plane Fluctuations in PbPb and pPb Collisions

A systematic study of the factorization of long-range azimuthal two-particle correlations into a product of single-particle anisotropies is presented as a function of $p_\mathrm{T}$ and $\eta$ of both particles, and as a function of the particle multiplicity in PbPb and pPb collisions. The data were taken with the CMS detector for PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV and pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV, covering a very wide range of multiplicity. Factorization is observed to be broken as a function of both particle $p_\mathrm{T}$ and $\eta$. When measured with particles of different $p_\mathrm{T}$, the magnitude of the factorization breakdown for the second Fourier harmonic reaches 20% for very central PbPb collisions but decreases rapidly as the multiplicity decreases. The data are consistent with viscous hydrodynamic predictions, which suggest that the effect of factorization breaking is mainly sensitive to the initial-state conditions rather than to the transport properties (e.g., shear viscosity) of the medium. The factorization breakdown is also computed with particles of different $\eta$. The effect is found to be weakest for mid-central PbPb events but becomes larger for more central or peripheral PbPb collisions, and also for very high-multiplicity pPb collisions. The $\eta$-dependent factorization data provide new insights to the longitudinal evolution of the medium formed in heavy ion collisions

Evidence of b-Jet Quenching in PbPb Collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV

The production of jets associated to bottom quarks is measured for the first time in PbPb collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair. Jet spectra are reported in the transverse momentum ($p_T$) range of 80-250 GeV, and within pseudorapidity abs($\eta \lt 2$). The nuclear modification factor ($R_{AA}$) calculated from these spectra shows a strong suppression in the b-jet yield in PbPb collisions relative to the yield observed in pp collisions at the same energy. The suppression persists to the largest values of $p_T$ studied, and is centrality dependent. The $R_{AA}$ is about 0.4 in the most central events, similar to previous observations for inclusive jets. This implies that jet quenching does not have a strong dependence on parton mass and flavor in the jet $p_T$ range studied